Symptoms of female thyroid disease: nature and signs of disease. What do you know about the thyroid gland

When considering the endocrine system, we should highlight the most important organ, which has a significant impact on many aspects of the functioning of the body. We are talking about the thyroid gland, which regulates the functioning of the heart, the amount of energy expended throughout the day, controls human memory functions, and the activity of the nervous system.

In other words, the coherence of the “hormonal orchestra” plays depends on how well it functions, and without a conductor it is unthinkable.

The role of the thyroid gland is to produce such special hormones, without which our lives would be fatally undermined and would not exist. The structure of the gland consists of two lobes connected by a small narrow isthmus.

They appear both with overly active activity and with weakening activity. Metabolic processes in the body begin to occur from the moment food products enter the field of activity of the gastrointestinal tract, and oxygen included in the air enters the respiratory organ - the lungs.

It is from this moment that the “orchestra of hormones” begins its work.

The process of breaking down the incoming protein, fat, and carbohydrate components of food into water-soluble compounds (amino acids, disaccharides, fatty acids) begins immediately. This breakdown is achieved through special enzymes produced by the thyroid gland.

After splitting, the nutrients enter the blood and lymph.

When the substances included in food products are broken down, a significant amount of energy is generated, which is intended to maintain the full functioning of all organs. The completion of metabolism occurs in the form of removal of unnecessary waste products from the body. These breakdown products are excreted from the body through a number of organs (kidneys, lungs, sweat glands).

So, the amino acids contained in each organ, under the influence of the digestive process, synthesize proteins for each organ, which are constantly changing and renewed.

Fats, when broken down, replenish the body's energy reserves. Fats are a kind of nutritional reserve (energy airbag) of the body. Their average percentage of total body weight is 10-15%. Any force majeure circumstances: hunger, cold, active physical activity, severe stress, force the body to break down fat reserves more intensively. A lack of essential fatty acids can affect growth retardation, skin diseases, and kidney diseases.

Carbohydrates are primarily responsible for the body's supply of energy. However body health you will not get better from excess carbohydrates, since unused carbohydrates stored in the body in the form of glycogen are converted into fat. Such carbohydrate abundance occurs with the systematic consumption of sugar-containing foods.

What does the thyroid gland suffer from?

The main purpose of the thyroid gland is to produce special enzyme substances that ensure the normalization of metabolic processes. The result of its work is the release of important hormones into the blood, one of which is calcitonin. If the excretory process of calcium is disrupted, then the person faces. There are several degrees of gland enlargement.

When the first stage occurs, the gland can be palpated, but it is not yet visible. During the second, it can be seen during swallowing movements. During the onset of the third, the gland looks like a “thick neck”. In the fourth degree, the size of the goiter increases, which changes the shape of the neck. Finally, the fifth degree is characterized by a large increase in the goiter, shortness of breath and chest heaviness appear.

In addition to changes in the size of the gland, disruptions in its normal functioning may begin. This means that the enzymes it produces enter the blood either in too large a volume, or, conversely, too little of them are delivered. If the normal size of the gland is disrupted, it is enlarged, but its performance has not undergone global changes, then this condition is called euthyroidism.

All thyroid diseases are divided into three main types: formation of nodules, increased activity, and inhibited activity of the gland. There are a lot of factors influencing the occurrence of thyroid diseases, let's discuss the main ones.

Firstly, enlargement of the gland caused by a lack of iodine is endemic goiter. Women are most susceptible to this disease.

In another case, an insufficient amount of hormones is produced, this disease is called hypothyroidism. There are situations when the amount of hormones is produced too much, then we are talking about “Graves' disease”. Inflammation of the thyroid gland is called thyroiditis.

There are cases of absence or insufficient development of the thyroid gland. This is especially pronounced in children. Obvious signs of hyperthyroidism are a sharp gain in body weight, difficulties in physical and spiritual development.

The formation of tumors occurs mainly when a person has a “nodular goiter”. This leads to the growth of the gland and the formation of nodes there. A person experiences headaches and becomes overly irritable.

Symptoms of the disease

In order to take the necessary preventive measures, you need to clearly know what they are signs of thyroid disease. It is extremely important not to miss the “start of the disease.” A number of factors can be named as characteristic signs of an impending disease.

Specific pits appear on the nails, the palms constantly sweat, and the fingers tremble. Bulging eyes represent a clear signal of a diseased gland. The appearance of an extra chin, wrinkles, and sagging skin from a young age is a compelling argument for contacting an endocrinologist. In the area of ​​the lower leg and foot, the skin thickens and becomes similar to orange peel.

Thyroid weighs about twenty grams, is shaped like a shield, hence the name, and is attached to the neck muscles, so it is able to move during swallowing movements. You can feel it to the touch only if it is inflamed. If it enlarges, many nodes can form on it - benign formations that form a goiter. It has a soft structure to the touch. If it is present, breathing becomes difficult and additional stress appears on the throat. The following signs signal the beginning of tumor degeneration: rapid growth in the size of the node, hardening, and hoarse sounds appear in the voice.

Key symptoms of hyperthyroidism

1. Body weight decreases sharply, as calories are burned faster than they enter the body with food.

2. It seems to a person that he is always too warm. This feeling persists even at low air temperatures.

3. There comes a feeling of constant tension, anxiety, irritation; the sick person cannot sleep for a long time.

4. Perhaps it will begin to manifest itself initially.

5. In young people there is a more accelerated metabolism, so they sweat profusely.

6. The condition of the hair on the head worsens. Hair becomes thinner and becomes covered with fat.

7. All muscles weaken, which can even lead to atrophy.

Hypothyroidism is characterized by:

1. A state of drowsiness resulting from a lack of enzymes.

2. A constant state of mental tension appears; it is impossible to complete work that was previously easy.

3. Intestinal function worsens.

4. The patient cannot warm up in any way - a feeling of lack of warmth.

5. The scalp becomes dry and the hair breaks easily. Coolness and dryness are present in all areas of the skin. Sweating is slight.

6. Waking up in the morning occurs with great difficulty, because swelling in the joints is felt.

If hypothyroidism is prolonged, then we should expect an increase in blood cholesterol levels and possible acquaintance with ischemia.

Folk help for the treatment of the thyroid gland

To treat the disease, you can use a number of recipes recommended by traditional medicine.

1. The leaves and root part of a plant called “three-leaf watch” are used. These parts of the plant need to be chopped. Place one tablespoon of raw material in a glass of water, boil for three minutes, leave for one hour. Drink a quarter glass three times.

2. Take two tablespoons of medium chickweed and boil for 2-4 minutes in half a liter of water. Leave for three hours. Take the resulting composition 4 times a day.

3. Prepare seaweed salad. To do this, you need to boil it, add any vegetable oil (preferably olive), and chop the onion. Sea kale is extremely healthy due to its high iodine content.

4. Grind one hundred grams of the root part of Rhodiola rosea, place the raw material in a bottle of vodka. Insist for two weeks. Take the resulting medicine twice, thirty drops each. A course of a month creates vitality and prolongs life.

Concluding all of the above, I would like to say that knowing signs of thyroid disease, serious damage to this vital organ can be prevented.

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in front of the trachea and covering its anterior and lateral parts. Its function is the production of thyroid hormones necessary for the normal existence of the human body. Hormones stimulate the functioning of the intestines and brain, influence the process of self-regulation of the body (homeostasis), and control the metabolic rate (metabolism).

If the gland works correctly, the body receives the energy it needs and gets rid of harmful waste products in a timely manner, its immune system works normally and a sufficient amount of oxygen enters the tissue cells.

Improper functioning of the thyroid gland leads to a decrease (hypothyroidism) or increase (hyperthyroidism) in hormone production and, accordingly, to health problems.

The thyroid gland in women suffers 12 times more often than in men. This may be due to the greater susceptibility of the female body to autoimmune diseases. Hypothyroidism can cause female infertility. In addition, with hypothyroidism, the risk of pathologies of the nervous system during intrauterine development of the fetus and the appearance of cretinism in a newborn child increases, which indicates the importance of identifying abnormalities of the thyroid gland in women before pregnancy.

Causes of thyroid diseases

To understand the causes of thyroid diseases, it is necessary to group them as follows:

First group. Diseases in which the functional activity of the gland does not change, but its morphological structure changes (nodular formations, goiter, hyperplasia, etc. appear).

Diseases occur with iodine deficiency associated with:

• taking certain medications;
• insufficient absorption of iodine by the intestines;
• congenital pathologies of the gland;
• gastrointestinal diseases;
• lack of iodine in food and water.

Second group. Changes in hormonal levels are observed. A particularly common disease with these symptoms is hypothyroidism.

Causes:

• disruption of the thyroid gland and, as a consequence, a decrease in its function and secretion of thyroid hormones;
• insufficiency of the formation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus or thyroid-stimulating hormone by the pituitary gland, which leads to disturbances in the secretion of thyroid hormones.

Third group. Pathologies in which the synthesis of hormones increases - thyrotoxicosis.

Occurs as a result:

• Autoimmune diseases in which the immune system perceives the thyroid gland as a foreign body. To combat it, antibodies are synthesized, the thyroid gland begins to produce an increased amount of hormones and as a result can be completely destroyed.
• Graves' disease. This disease causes the thyroid gland to work intensely and uncontrollably.
• Taking certain medications.
• Chronic infectious diseases.
• Deficiency of vitamins and microelements, mainly iodine, resulting from an unbalanced diet.
• Unfavorable environmental conditions in the form of increased background radiation. The thyroid gland is hypersensitive to radiation.
• Stressful condition.

Classification of thyroid gland sizes

Enlargement of the thyroid gland is characterized by five degrees:

• “0” - the thyroid gland cannot be palpated and is completely invisible.
• “1” - the gland is palpable, but not noticeable during swallowing movements.
• “2” - the lobes and isthmus of the gland are well defined by palpation, it is noticeable when swallowing.
• “3” - the thyroid gland is clearly visible, the neck thickens.
• “4” - the size of the gland is significantly increased, due to which the shape of the neck changes.
• “5” - the thyroid gland is very enlarged, the neck is deformed.

Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland of the first and second degrees in the absence of disturbances in its functioning is not pathological.

Symptoms of the disease

The presence of the disease may be indicated by the following signs of the thyroid gland:

• Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) is accompanied by a sudden decrease in body weight, increased sweating, weakness, rapid heartbeat, hand tremors and mental disorders (sharp changes in mood).
• Hypothyroidism causes increased fatigue and weakness, a sharp increase in body weight, slow heartbeat, arterial hypertension, swelling of the body, dry skin, and hair loss.
• A diffuse thyroid gland causes the body to react to iodine deficiency and a lack of thyroid hormones, which leads to headaches, general weakness, discomfort in the heart area and an inability to endure physical activity. Such symptoms can be observed with virtually unchanged thyroid size and hormone levels.

Often goiter is accompanied by the development of hypothyroidism.

• As they grow, the above symptoms are joined by attacks of dry cough and choking, a feeling of pressure in the thyroid gland and a foreign body in the throat, shortness of breath that increases when the head is tilted back, discomfort when swallowing food and a hoarse voice.
• It is extremely rare to experience pain in the thyroid gland, which may be associated with inflammation or hemorrhage in the gland.
• Enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes can occur with various inflammatory or viral diseases, but may be the result of metastasis accompanying malignant processes in the thyroid gland.
• Sexual dysfunction in men in the form of premature ejaculation and menstrual cycle in women.
• Protruding eyes (exophthalmos), swelling around the eyes and the appearance of bags under the eyes, difficulty concentrating on any object (typical of thyrotoxicosis).
• Changes in mental state: increased aggressiveness and irritability, tendency to tearfulness, fussiness.

In 80% of cases, people suffering from thyroid diseases, including cancer, have no signs of the disease. For a long time they feel completely healthy, without even suspecting the destructive processes occurring in the body. Therefore, endocrinologists insist on the need for an annual ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

Diagnosis of the disease

Diagnostic measures for thyroid diseases include:

• Consultation and visual examination of an endocrinologist.
• Tests for thyroid hormones - a test to detect the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), without which it is impossible to give a correct assessment of the functioning of the thyroid gland. In the future, an additional study of the level of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) may be prescribed.
• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland, which allows you to determine the form of the disease: diffuse or nodular goiter.
• Radioisotope scanning to assess the functional state of the organ.
• Determination of the presence of autoimmune and oncological diseases.
• Computer (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suspected pituitary diseases.
• Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) followed by histological examination, which is more accurate than traditional cytological examination.

Puncture of the thyroid gland is performed using special guns and needles, which allow the manipulation to be carried out safely and painlessly.

This method makes it possible to accurately diagnose benign or malignant formations and eliminate erroneous operations.

The final decision on how to treat the thyroid gland is made after all diagnostic measures have been completed.

Treatment of the disease

Hidden symptoms, characteristic of autoimmune thyroid diseases and any other changes in the gland, interfere with timely treatment. However, if there is any suspicion that the thyroid gland is suffering, treatment should be started immediately.

For endemic goiter, an endocrinologist may prescribe a conservative or surgical method. How to treat the thyroid gland depends on the form of the disease.

The use of a conservative method is acceptable for the early stage of the disease. With the help of iodine therapy, a positive effect can be achieved only if the size of the gland has increased minimally.

Treatment of hypothyroidism

The only treatment for diffuse goiter with hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. The patient will be prescribed medications containing thyroxine (T4). These drugs are no different from the T4 hormone produced by the human body.

Some patients are confident that hypothyroidism can be cured with ordinary iodine, but this is a misconception. Iodine is only a substrate for the production of thyroid hormones. We are talking about a problem with the operation of the “factory” itself, so the use of iodine will be absolutely ineffective.

Replacement therapy drugs for hypothyroidism must be taken throughout life, since the natural process of thyroid hormone production cannot be restored.

The patient must undergo thyroid tests and regularly consult an endocrinologist (the frequency of visits is recommended by the doctor).

How to treat the thyroid gland with hyperthyroidism?

Therapy for hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) begins with the prescription of thyreostatic drugs, such as Propotil, Tyrosol or Mercazolil. In most cases, this measure is enough to relieve the symptoms of the disease. Treatment with these drugs occurs for two years under the constant supervision of a specialist and monitoring of blood tests.

With an accompanying increase in heart rate, beta-blockers are prescribed to slow down the rate of contraction of the heart muscles. Despite the duration of treatment for hyperthyroidism, withdrawal of thyreostatic drugs can cause a relapse of the disease (50% of cases). In this situation, the patient may be prescribed radioiodine therapy or removal of the thyroid gland.

Surgical treatment

Surgical intervention is performed in the presence of:

• malignant degeneration of goiter;
• rapid progressive growth of goiter;
• squeezing the neck with argon.

During surgical treatment, most of the thyroid gland is removed (substeel resection of the gland). If postoperative hypothyroidism develops, lifelong use of thyroid hormones is prescribed.

Radioiodine therapy

The topic “how to treat the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine” deserves special attention. In radioiodine therapy, the patient is prescribed liquid or capsules containing radioactive iodine. Entering the human body, iodine accumulates in thyroid cells, leading to their death and replacement of connective tissue.

In most cases, symptoms of hyperthyroidism disappear after several weeks of treatment. Sometimes repeated therapy is necessary to suppress thyroid function, that is, the occurrence of hypothyroidism. In this case, hypothyroidism is considered as a result of treatment of thyrotoxicosis, and not as a complication. At the end of radioiodine therapy, the doctor prescribes the patient to take thyreostatic drugs for life.

Prevention

Prevention of the disease consists primarily of eliminating iodine deficiency. Preventive measures are divided into individual, group and mass.

Individual prevention involves regular visits to an endocrinologist. In some cases (on the recommendation of a doctor), it is necessary to take tests for the thyroid gland.

In addition, carrying out individual and group preventive measures involves taking the drug "Antistrumin".

For mass prevention of thyroid diseases, iodized salt and iodized products are sold to the population.

Group prevention is carried out in kindergartens, schools and boarding schools.

Pregnant women and nursing mothers are prescribed the drug "Antistrumin" under the supervision of a doctor as a prophylactic measure.

An effective means of preventing iodine deficiency are capsules with iodized oil (the drug "Yodolipol"). One capsule of this oil can provide the human body with the necessary amount of iodine for a year.

Preventive measures can continue for several years, and sometimes for life, in people who have undergone surgery on the thyroid gland and live in regions where goiter is endemic.

It is important to remember that iodine deficiency and the diseases caused by it are the cause of serious pathologies that can be prevented by preventive measures.

What does a person need to be completely happy? Be healthy both physically and mentally. Physical and mental state are closely related. And hormonal levels regulate these conditions. Thyroid diseases are common among the population, which is why thyroid health should be given special attention.

General information about the organ

The thyroid gland is a small organ of the endocrine system (about the size of a child's fist) that is located in the front of the neck. Consists of two lobes with connective tissue between them. We can say that this gland is shaped like a butterfly.

The thyroid gland is responsible for the production of hormones containing iodine: thyroxine and triiodothyronine. They regulate metabolism, growth of the human body, the functioning of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system. The gland also produces a hormone that is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body - calcitonin.

You should know that the gland itself does not control the amount of hormone production. The functioning of the thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone, which is secreted by the pituitary gland, a gland located in the brain.

In the body of a healthy person, slight fluctuations in hormones are possible. And to understand whether a person is healthy, medical professionals examine the concentration of the total and free fractions of T3 (thyroxine) and T4 (triiodothyronine), along with the concentration of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).

Hormone concentrations in a healthy person:

• triiodothyronine (T3) total (1.08−3.14 nmol/l);
• free triiodothyronine (T3) (2.6−5.7 nmol/l);
• total thyroxine (T4) (55−137 nmol/l);
• thyroxine (T4) free (9−22 nmol/l);
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (0.4−4.0 mU/l).

If the patient or the attending physician has doubts, then the blood test must be repeated to accurately verify the diagnosis or the absence of pathology.

Thyroid diseases can develop in two directions: decreased endocrine function (hypothyroidism) or increased endocrine function (hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis). Some pathologies arise due to an increase in the level of iodine in the body, which can provoke cretinism or endemic goiter.

First symptoms

The thyroid gland is most often affected in women. Symptoms of the disease and treatment must be monitored by a doctor. To prevent and stop the development of the disease, you need to listen to your body and observe changes in it.

The following signs are distinguished thyroid disease in women:

Thus, when the functioning of the gland is disrupted, signs of other diseases appear, which is fraught with not very good consequences.

Without understanding the cause of the disease, a person can treat something completely different from what is needed, and this will lead to advanced stages of the disease and even greater problems. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to all signs of pathology of this organ. If several symptoms appear together, you should urgently consult an endocrinologist.

Causes of the disease

Some diseases arise due to exposure to external factors (radiation, ultraviolet radiation, air and water pollution, etc.) or the appearance of mutations in genes. Mutations can form either spontaneously or under the influence of mutagens. A person cannot always prevent the development of the disease, even by leading a healthy lifestyle. However, you should know what can trigger the appearance of pathology in the thyroid gland.

Causes of thyroid diseases are:

Disruption

According to statistics, every tenth resident is diagnosed with a pathological condition of the thyroid gland. According to the World Health Organization, women are most susceptible to the disease, with the risk increasing significantly after age 30.

This disease has several names: Graves' disease, diffuse goiter. This pathology is characterized by excessive production of its own hormones, which leads to poisoning of the body and occurs.

Most often this is a hereditary disease. But there are other factors that can affect the development of Graves' disease: mental trauma, infectious diseases, traumatic brain injuries, nasopharyngeal diseases.

This disease occurs 8 times more often in women than in men. The age at which this pathology occurs is approximately 30 to 60 years. Graves' disease can also occur in adolescents, pregnant women, and women going through menopause.

One of the obvious signs of a diffuse goiter is bulging eyes and a goiter. The following manifestations should also be included:

If several symptoms appear, you should consult an endocrinologist. After all, timely initiation of therapy will help protect the body from negative consequences.

Treatment of this disease has three options:

Hashimoto's disease occurs when the immune system is defective, when antibodies begin to mistake organ cells for foreign ones and destroy them. With this disease, hypothyroidism develops. Most often, the disease is chronic and can be transmitted genetically. Research by the Japanese doctor, after whom the disease was named, showed that organ pathologies can develop not only with a lack of iodine in the body, but also with its excess. Thus, the main work of the gland in producing hormones is “turned off”.

Hashimoto's disease is not as noticeable as the previous one; visually its signs are quite difficult to determine. But there are several symptoms that indicate it:

• fatigue, drowsiness;
• weight gain;
• dry and brittle hair;
• constipation;
• chills;
• irregular and painful menstruation.

If there are such deviations in the condition of the thyroid gland, the symptoms of the disease and treatment will also differ from such a pathology as diffuse goiter. Therapy may be as follows:

• Use of thyroid drugs. These are hormonal drugs that contain thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyroidine, L-thyroxine.
• Surgical intervention. They operate on severe enlargement of the gland, when compression of blood vessels and respiratory tract occurs.
• Use of selenium preparations. These drugs are used as supplements. Studies have shown that they reduce the amount of antibodies that destroy thyroid cells and significantly improve the health of patients.

The nodes can be located both inside the gland and on top of it. Some are just solid, and some are filled with liquid. Most often these are benign tumors, but less often, if treated incorrectly or untimely, they can transform into cancerous tumors.

They occur with iodine deficiency, and therefore the symptoms will be similar to the previous disease: drowsiness, fatigue, weight gain, etc.

Most often, the nodules are not touched, but simply observed. With a strong increase, they already move on to surgical intervention.

Diagnosis of pathology

If you have the described symptoms, you should contact an endocrinologist. He will prescribe the necessary tests and ultrasound to determine your health status. A blood test will show the concentration of hormones, and with the help of an ultrasound it will be possible to examine whether there are significant enlargements or nodules in the thyroid gland.

You can conduct the examination at home yourself.

One of the most famous methods is the iodine grid. You need to draw it on your forearm and after a while (2-3 hours) see if it has disappeared. If iodine is absorbed too quickly, this may indicate that the person has hypothyroidism. If the mesh has clear outlines, then hyperthyroidism is possible.

You can also check for thyroid disease in the eyes. You need to time it and count the number of blinks per minute. The norm is 20−30 times. If blinking is slower, then the eyelid may be freezing, which is a sign of thyrotoxicosis.

If you notice that the hairline is becoming thinner, then you urgently need to contact an endocrinologist.

Another way is to check for goiter. You need to go to the mirror with a glass of water. Take water into your mouth, lift your chin and swallow. If any formation is noticed between the middle part of the throat and the collarbones, then this is a clear reason to consult a doctor.

Prevention measures

The thyroid gland is a gland that controls the functioning of all organs, so you need to know about thyroid diseases, their symptoms in women and treatment. To avoid health problems, Doctors recommend following these rules:

Thus, there are many reasons for the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. You need to remember the recommendations and undergo regular diagnostics, then the chances of developing thyroid disease will be significantly reduced.

Disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system often lead to the development of diseases of the thyroid gland, which in the human body performs vital functions and is responsible for the functioning of almost all organs and systems. Pathologies of the thyroid gland are currently among the most common among the population of all ages. In terms of incidence, thyroid disease ranks third after cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Most often, disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system occur in women, less often in men. Impaired functionality of this organ has a negative impact on a woman’s health and can lead to the development of a number of diseases, including those that lead to infertility or difficulties in conceiving and bearing a child.

It is known that thyroid diseases in women are often hereditary; the environmental situation, poor lifestyle, unbalanced diet, stress are also of great importance; all these factors increase the risk of developing thyroid diseases.

Thyroid functions

In the human body, the thyroid gland performs a large number of important functions. It produces hormones such as calcetonin and thyroxine, which take an active part in energy, water-mineral, protein, fat, carbon processes, responsible for the functioning of the cardiovascular, nervous system, as well as the reproductive, immune system, condition of the skin, hair, nails.

The thyroid gland contributes to puberty, physical growth, and mental development. Thyroid hormones affect metabolic processes, stimulate protein synthesis, tissue growth and other processes, without which a woman’s body cannot function properly. Deficiency of thyroid hormones leads to stunted growth and development and mental retardation. If a deficiency of one of the hormones is noted during pregnancy, then there is a high risk of miscarriage or underdevelopment of the unborn child’s brain, which in any case leads to fetal death or disability after birth.

Thyroid hormones stimulate cells of the immune system, and their deficiency often leads to the development of autoimmune diseases that are difficult to treat.

Thyroid diseases in women

Disturbances in the functioning of the thyroid gland lead not only to disturbances in the whole body, but also to the development of a number of diseases. Determining the first symptoms of thyroid disease in women is not easy, due to their specificity. The most common thyroid pathologies are the following:

1. Hyperthyroidism is an increased activity of thyroid hormone production. Most often, the disease develops in women between 20 and 40 years old.
2. Hypothyroidism is a deficiency in the production of thyroid hormones.
3. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that develops as a result of hyperthyroidism, when the thyroid gland is stimulated by antibodies of the immune system.
4. Postpartum thyroiditis is more common after childbirth. Develops as a result of an inflammatory process in the thyroid tissues.
5. Goiter is a common disease of the thyroid gland, which has several stages of development and is diagnosed in 80% of the population of different ages, including children.

Almost all thyroid diseases have a similar clinical picture, which can often resemble signs of other diseases or disorders.

How to recognize thyroid disease in women?

Thyroid gland - symptoms of the disease in women are sometimes quite difficult to recognize, since a hormonal imbalance in the body almost always occurs, which causes a large number of ailments and symptoms reminiscent of other diseases. Let's look at the main symptoms of thyroid disease in women:

• fast fatiguability;
• absent-mindedness, impaired concentration;
• memory impairment;
• rapid weight loss or gain;
• hormonal disorders: irregular or heavy menstruation;
• sexual dysfunction;
• decreased level of intelligence;
• frequent depression, nervousness;
• heavy sweating;
• drowsiness;
• frequent trembling throughout the body;
• causeless muscle pain;
• bowel dysfunction: constipation;
• dry skin, fragility and hair loss;
• crying and mood changes for no apparent reason.

All of the above symptoms may be a sign of thyroid disease. When thyroid pathologies reach more serious stages, then the clinical signs become more pronounced and can be accompanied by the following conditions:

• bulging eyes;
• disturbances in the functioning of the heart;
• noticeable enlargement of the thyroid gland;
• pale skin;
• severe swelling in the lower part of the neck;
• periodic increase in temperature up to 37.5 degrees;
• difficulty swallowing food;
• sweaty palms;
• trembling throughout the village;
• increased breathing rate;
• frequent dizziness;
• feeling of lack of air.

Based on the above symptoms, we can conclude that the symptoms of thyroid diseases can be reflected in the state of the whole organism, and this is perhaps why many women who experience some signs of the disease attribute them to fatigue or other illnesses.

Only a doctor can diagnose thyroid disease in women after examination results, which will help to create a complete picture of the disease, make the correct diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment. Treatment of thyroid pathologies should be carried out as soon as possible, otherwise any disease caused by a malfunction of the thyroid gland can progress and acquire more severe stages than disrupting the functioning of the entire female body.

The thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system responsible for the synthesis of the hormones thyroxine (T 3), triiodothyronine (T 4) and calcitonin, which, in turn, together with the nervous and immune systems regulate the functioning of the entire body. Thyroid diseases are becoming more frequent every year, especially affecting women. This is due to the numerous hormonal changes that occur throughout life, such as pregnancy and menopause.

Anatomy and functions of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck, consists of two lobes and an isthmus between them; normally its weight ranges from 20 to 30 g. Its size can vary throughout life even in the same person. It depends on age, diet, medications and many other factors. The thyroid gland is not in a static position; it moves slightly when swallowing or turning the head.

The thyroid gland consists of follicles - round formations that are filled with colloidal fluid. The follicles are separated from each other by thin connective tissue, which contains a large number of lymphatic and blood capillaries, as well as nerve endings. The colloid consists of thyroglobulin (a protein that is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine) and iodine atoms. To form thyroxine, four iodine atoms are required, and for triiodothyronine, three. Without iodine, the synthesis of thyroid hormones is impossible. These components are not produced by the body on its own, but come from food. From the colloidal fluid, hormones enter the blood.

After the hormones T 3 and T 4 enter the blood, they combine with transport proteins and are in an inactive state. As needed, they are detached from transport proteins and perform their function. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are responsible for regulating the production of these hormones.

In addition to thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland produces calcitonin, which regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism.

Pathologies of the thyroid gland can be divided into groups:

• diseases resulting from a lack of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism);
• diseases with increased levels of hormones in the blood (hyperthyroidism or, in other words, Graves' disease);
• congenital abnormalities (underdeveloped or completely absent thyroid gland, its incorrect position);
• inflammatory diseases of the gland (thyroiditis);
• various forms of goiter (endemic, sporadic, toxic);
• tumors.

Hypothyroidism

A disease of the thyroid gland caused by an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood is called hypothyroidism. According to statistics, 1 out of 1000 men and 19 out of 1000 women suffer from this disease.

Diagnosis can be difficult, because the course of the disease is slow, without acute conditions. The disease affects the functioning of all body systems, because hormones are involved in important biochemical reactions that regulate metabolic processes and the synthesis of sex hormones. If the disease is not treated, then the most important systems - the cardiovascular and central nervous systems - are at risk.

Hypothyroidism is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary. When, due to disruption of the thyroid gland itself, the secretion of hormones decreases, this is primary hypothyroidism. Secondary and tertiary are associated with impaired regulation of hormone production, for which the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are responsible.

Reasons for the development of the disease

The main cause of hypothyroidism is inflammation of the thyroid gland - autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease). But there are many other factors:

• congenital underdevelopment of the thyroid gland;
• removal of the thyroid gland;
• consequence of radiation therapy for tumors, radioactive exposure;
• iodine deficiency conditions;
• tumor formations in the thyroid gland;
• pituitary adenoma;
• meningoecephalitis involving the hypothalamic region;
• severe head injuries;
• long-term treatment with serotonin drugs;
• chronic autoimmune diseases, as a result of which antibodies to thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland appear;
• disturbances in the transport of hormones due to defects in transport proteins.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

The symptoms of this disease may not be clearly expressed, especially in the early stages. You should be wary if you have:

• general weakness, lack of vitality, muscle pain and cramps, numbness of the limbs, stiffness and slowness of movements;
• low blood pressure, decreased heart rate;
• lethargy, apathy and depression, memory impairment;
• deterioration of hearing and vision;
• pale and yellowish skin, its dryness and flaking;
• brittle hair and nails;
• swelling of the face and limbs;
• with a unchanged diet, weight gain;
• in women, menstrual irregularities, decreased libido;
• impotence in men;
• decreased immunity;
• disorders of the digestive system: frequent constipation, gastritis, nausea and vomiting.

Diagnostics

To confirm the diagnosis, the endocrinologist must conduct an initial examination, palpate the thyroid gland, collect anamnesis and prescribe a series of studies. The first and quite informative analysis is the level of free hormones T 3 and T 4, as well as the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If the TSH content is increased and the level of thyroid hormones is decreased, this is the first sign of hypothyroidism.

To clarify the nature of the disease, hardware diagnostics are performed. For this purpose, ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland and scintigraphy, and in some cases MRI, are prescribed. If nodes are present, a biopsy and histological examination are prescribed.

Treatment

Replacement therapy is the basis of treatment for hypothyroidism. The principle is the artificial introduction of thyroid hormones into the body.

For treatment, drugs containing levothyroxine (Eutirox, Bogotirox and L-thyroxine) are used. Often therapy involves lifelong medication, with the exception of cases of temporary primary hypothyroidism. The optimal dosage, frequency and regimen of taking the drug is prescribed by the doctor, based on the test results. The feasibility of increasing the dose is considered 4-6 weeks after the previous prescription.

Etiotropic therapy is based on the treatment of the underlying disease that caused hypothyroidism, if one can be established. In this case, iodine preparations are prescribed for iodine deficiency.

Symptomatic therapy is used as an addition to the main, replacement therapy, and is aimed at eliminating symptoms and slowing down pathological changes in organs and tissues. Cardioprotectors, vitamin complexes, drugs to improve metabolic processes in the brain, as well as sex hormones to normalize the menstrual cycle in women are used.

Consequences of hypothyroidism

Depending on the degree of the disease, the consequences may vary. In children - mental and physical retardation, cretinism, infantilism, heart problems, reduced immunity.

In adults - decreased intelligence and memory, heart problems, low blood pressure, menstrual disorders, ovarian atrophy, infertility, mastopathy, myxedema, hypothyroid coma.

Myxedema

Myxedema is a pathology in which the thyroid gland does not perform its function, stopping the production of thyroid hormones. This is a severe form of hypothyroidism, with severe mucous swelling. This rather rare disease occurs mainly in women during menopause, but there are no age restrictions.

Myxedema is divided into types - thyroid (acquired and congenital) and hypothalamic-pituitary.

Causes

The main reason is low levels of the hormones T 3 and T 4. You can also highlight:

• autoimmune thyroiditis;
• treatment of hypothyroidism with radioactive iodine isotope;
• thyroid tumor;
• iodine deficiency;
• complications after thyroid surgery;
• pituitary and hypothalamic hypothyroidism;
• autoimmune pathologies.

Symptoms

In addition to increasing the symptoms of hypothyroidism, note:

• arthrosis;
• myalgia;
• heartache;
• uterine bleeding;
• inflammation in the abdominal cavity;
• deterioration in general health.

In children, the disease manifests itself with the following symptoms and complications:

• delayed physical, mental and sexual development;
• cretinism.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis includes a medical history, laboratory tests (blood test for hormones, TSH level, test for antibodies to thyroid peroxidase). Also prescribed:

• computed tomography of the thyroid gland;
• biopsy and histological examination;
• X-ray of the gland;
• electrocardiography of the heart.

Treatment

The only treatment for thyroid myxedema is medication. Replacement therapy with L-thyroxine (levothyroxine) is carried out throughout life, since it is impossible to restore thyroid function. In addition, glucocorticoid drugs are prescribed. Correction of hemodynamic abnormalities and treatment aimed at relieving symptoms to alleviate the patient’s condition are also carried out.

Iodine preparations are prescribed by an endocrinologist for iodine deficiency in accordance with the age and general condition of the patient. The diet consists of a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals and iodine. It is important for the patient to support his immunity with natural immunomodulators, without resorting to pills.

Hypothyroid coma

One of the most serious diseases of the thyroid gland. This is a complication caused by uncompensated hypothyroidism or myxedema. It happens rarely, mainly affecting older women, but the mortality rate is high and reaches 50-80%. Treatment is hampered by late diagnosis.

There are three phases:

• slow brain activity (consciousness is confused);
• precoma (disorientation, almost unconsciousness);
• coma (loss of consciousness, often irreversible).

Causes

The main reason is the lack of treatment for hypothyroidism and its late diagnosis. Also, provoking factors include:

• hypothermia of the body;
• acute and chronic diseases (pneumonia, myocardial infarction, viral infections, etc.);
• hypoglycemia;
• hypoxia;
• surgery, radiation therapy;
• alcohol abuse.

Symptoms

The clinical picture develops as an increase in the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Other features are also added:

• oliguria (slow urine production);
• hypothermia;
• brain hypoxia;
• decrease in lung volume;
• accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity;
• thinking disorders, neuroses, personality changes.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is usually not difficult, because the symptoms are very characteristic of the clinical picture of hypothyroidism. Laboratory tests are prescribed (determining the level of TSH, T 3 and T 4 in the blood). The doctor must differentiate the disease from stroke, uremic and eclamptic coma, as well as complications associated with diabetes.

Treatment

A patient with hypothyroid coma is hospitalized. Treatment, as with hypothyroidism, is aimed at compensating for the lack of hormones in the blood. Replacement therapy with L-thyroxine intravenously is prescribed, as well as general supportive therapy. Treatment of respiratory dysfunction, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular system, as well as normalization of heat exchange processes and elimination of anemia are carried out.

Cretinism

Another thyroid disease caused by a lack of hormones is cretinism. This is a form of congenital hypothyroidism. It is characterized by delayed mental and physical development; in 10% of cases, patients cannot independently provide themselves with the conditions for a full life. Life expectancy is usually no more than 30-40 years. The disease is most common in iodine-deficient regions.

Causes

The main reason is a low level of thyroid hormones T 3, T 4 or a complete cessation of their production by the gland. Since cretinism is a congenital disease of the thyroid gland, the cause in most cases should be sought in the health of the mother. These reasons include:

• lack of thyroid hormones due to a hereditary disorder of the thyroid gland;
• underdevelopment of the thyroid gland in the fetus, its displaced position or complete absence;
• autoimmune diseases in a pregnant woman;
• lack of iodine in the body;
• treatment of a pregnant woman with thyreostatic drugs;
• A child conceived by a close relative also has an increased risk of developing cretinism.

The severity of cretinism depends on the amount of iodine consumed by the mother while pregnant. Even in the womb, during an ultrasound examination and blood donation for fetal pathology, abnormalities in the development of the thyroid gland can be suspected.

Symptoms

The following signs can be noted for cretinism:

• developmental retardation in children (slow development of speech, musculoskeletal system);
• low body weight in a newborn;
• asymmetrical face: wide-set eyes, low forehead, thick lips;
• incorrect body proportions, poor posture, scoliosis;
• muscle weakness;
• pale, dry skin and sparse hair;
• poorly developed genitals, infertility in women and impotence in men;
• delayed puberty in adolescents;
• hearing loss;
• strabismus;
• decreased immunity;
• disorders of the cardiovascular system;
• problems in the gastrointestinal tract (frequent constipation);
• mental disorders (dementia, idiocy).

Diagnostics

For diagnosis, a screening test for hormone levels and a clinical blood test are performed. Ultrasound and radiography - to determine the size of the thyroid gland.

Treatment

Cretinism is a chronic disease of the thyroid gland. Hormone replacement therapy is the only treatment option. Timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment prevent the development of more severe forms of cretinism. Patients are constantly monitored by an endocrinologist to adjust the dose of the drug and treatment regimen.

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Too active production of thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4) causes thyroid disease - hyperthyroidism. At the same time, all metabolic processes are accelerated, causing various pathologies. Depending on the degree of impairment, hyperthyroidism is divided into three types:

• primary (the function of the thyroid gland itself is impaired);
• secondary (the functioning of the pituitary gland is disrupted);
• tertiary (deviations in the functioning of the hypothalamus).

Also classified into several forms:

• subclinical (when the disease is asymptomatic);
• manifest (characteristic symptoms appear);
• complicated (atrial fibrillation, dystrophy, psychosis, etc.).

Women aged 20 to 45 years are often affected by the disease. The cardiovascular system suffers the most with hyperthyroidism. Due to the increased need of organs and tissues for oxygen, heart contractions become more frequent, which negatively affects the functioning of the heart.

Causes

A common cause of thyrotoxicosis is other pathologies of the thyroid gland. About 70% of the incidence is caused by diffuse toxic goiter. Other reasons:

• Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis;
• subacute thyroiditis;
• nodular goiter;
• toxic thyroid adenoma;
• pituitary tumors;
• excessive intake of synthetic thyroid hormones;
• genetic predisposition.

Symptoms

Due to the enhanced function of the thyroid gland, metabolic processes are accelerated, which affects all systems of the body. It follows that the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are very multifaceted and depend on the degree and duration of the disease:

• From the cardiovascular system, symptoms manifest themselves as rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), arrhythmia, heart failure, and high blood pressure.
• Nervous system disorders include irritability, unreasonable anxiety, aggression and fear, hand tremors, and insomnia.
• Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyes), dry eyes, increased tearing are symptoms that relate to ophthalmology.
• Disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract include frequent diarrhea, decreased appetite and paroxysmal abdominal pain.
• Decreased lung capacity and shortness of breath even when walking slowly.
• Lack of vital energy, muscle weakness, trembling in the body.
• Hair loss and brittle nails, brittle bones, and dry skin may be among the first symptoms.
• Changes are also noticeable in the reproductive system. In women, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, libido decreases, and there is a high probability of infertility. Men experience impotence.
• Most patients complain of excessive sweating; even in a cool room they feel hot.
• Weight loss is noticeable even with a stable diet
• Intense thirst.

Diagnostics

Like most thyroid diseases associated with hormone balance, the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism begins with an initial examination and testing for the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. The next step is ultrasound. This examination will help determine the size of the thyroid gland and identify the presence of nodules. To check heart function and exclude possible abnormalities, an ECG is prescribed. If there are nodes on the thyroid gland, the doctor prescribes a biopsy and histological examination.

Treatment

Depending on the severity of the disease, the patient’s age and the individual characteristics of his body, the doctor may prescribe one of the treatment options:

1. The drug method aims to suppress thyroid function. Drugs are prescribed that block the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The doctor also prescribes medications that relieve symptoms in order to improve the overall condition.
2. Treatment with radioactive iodine is a highly effective and safe method. When iodine enters the body, it destroys thyroid cells, and the dead cells are replaced with connective tissue. As a result, patients develop hypothyroidism (lack of hormones). Replacement therapy after such treatment does not affect the patient’s quality of life.

Surgical treatment is used under the following conditions:

• retrosternal goiter;
• significant enlargement of the thyroid gland (from 45 mm);
• allergies and other side effects from drug treatment;
• malignant tumors of the thyroid gland.

This involves removing either most or all of the thyroid gland. The patient must be prescribed hormone replacement therapy. In addition to treatment, you should pay attention to your diet, eat more protein and carbohydrate foods, and vitamins. Limit alcohol consumption and stop smoking.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT)

Autoimmune diseases involve a reaction of the immune system against its own organs and tissues. AIT, or Hashimoto's disease, is an inflammatory process in which antibodies are formed that destroy thyroid cells. This disease is very common, and it most often affects people aged 40 to 50 years. AIT can be divided into several types:

1. Chronic or lymphomatous. There is a loss of thyroid hormones, which can lead to the development of hypothyroidism.
2. Postpartum. It occurs due to excessive overload of a woman’s body during pregnancy.
3. Cytokine-induced. Occurs during long-term treatment with interferon drugs.

Causes

There is a high chance of developing autoimmune thyroiditis if you have a hereditary predisposition to it. However, there are several other reasons:

• long-term use of iodine-containing and hormonal drugs;
• exposure to radiation and prolonged exposure to the sun;
• frequent stress, depression;
• chronic and acute respiratory diseases;

Symptoms

Often in the initial phase (euthyroidism), thyroiditis is asymptomatic, the thyroid gland is not enlarged and does not cause concern to the patient, its functions are not impaired. In most cases, only an endocrinologist during examination can notice signs of the disease. But even when symptoms begin to appear, they can easily be confused with ordinary illness, when a person experiences general weakness, depression, or simply a worsening mood. This means that AIT enters the hypothyroidism phase, when thyroid function decreases.

Also, deviations in thyroid function can be upward when too many hormones are produced. This condition is called thyrotoxicosis. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are different.

Diagnostics

Based on the medical history and test results, the endocrinologist makes a diagnosis of AIT. In a general blood test, an increased level of lymphocytes is noticeable, although the level of leukocytes is reduced. An analysis of free thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4, as well as TSH, will show at what stage the autoimmune thyroiditis is. In 90% of cases, there is an increase in antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (AT-TPO) and an increase in antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG).

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland reveals its enlargement. The doctor also prescribes a biopsy and histological examination, which gives a broader picture of the disease.

Treatment

Thyroiditis is treated with medication. The main goal is to maintain normal thyroid function. When the function is increased, thyrostatics (drugs that reduce hormone synthesis) are prescribed or, at the discretion of the doctor, medications that reduce the symptoms of the disease.

If AIT occurs at the stage of hypothyroidism, L-thyroxine is prescribed. Anti-inflammatory drugs (Indomethacin, Voltaren) are also used to lower the titer of autoantibodies. The dosage is selected by an endocrinologist individually for each patient. Therapy is prescribed for life.

Goiter

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with malignancy or inflammation. It most often occurs in iodine-deficient areas, but can also be caused by an excess of iodine. Mature women are several times more likely to suffer from goiter than men. Goiter can be classified according to morphological characteristics:

• Diffuse goiter - has no nodes, the thyroid gland enlarges evenly, its function gradually decreases.
• Nodular goiter - there is a node or nodes in the tissues of the thyroid gland (), the enlargement of the thyroid gland is uneven, and the function also decreases.
• – mixed type, in which there are signs of both diffuse and nodular goiter.

Etiopathogenetic signs:

• endemic goiter - enlargement of the gland due to lack of iodine in the body;
• sporadic goiter - diffuse or nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland, not associated with iodine deficiency.

Classification according to the degree of enlargement of the thyroid gland:

• 0 degree – no goiter;
• 1st degree - the goiter is palpable, but not noticeable to the eye;
• 2nd degree - the goiter is palpable and large in size.

Causes

Iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiter development. The most common is endemic goiter. Other reasons can be divided into:

• hypothyroidism, which occurs when the secretion of thyroid hormones is impaired;
• hyperthyroidism, which provokes toxic goiter or inflammatory processes.

Diseases of internal organs and heredity, toxic substances entering the human body due to poor environment and low-quality products are also risk factors.

Symptoms

The disease does not manifest itself immediately; in the first stages it does not show any signs. Over time, the patient notices a puffy neck in the Adam's apple area. If we talk about the nodular origin of goiter, then the enlargement of the thyroid gland is often unilateral and heterogeneous.

The following symptoms are typical for goiter:

• Due to compression of the trachea, difficulty breathing is felt.
• The voice becomes more hoarse.
• Cough does not give rest.
• Unpleasant sensations when swallowing, “lump” in the throat.
• Dizziness and headaches.
• With hypothyroidism, hypotension and a feeling of tightness in the heart area are observed.
• Shortness of breath even with slight physical exertion.
• Memory loss, slow thinking.
• With hyperplasia, body temperature rises.
• Body weight is rapidly decreasing.
• The patient suffers from insomnia.
• Unreasonable aggressiveness and irritability.
• Gastrointestinal disorders.
• Hair loss, dry skin, brittle nails.

Diagnostics

As with any thyroid disease, after collecting an anamnesis and visual examination, the first step is to take a general blood test and blood test for thyroid hormone levels. The instrumental method includes ultrasound. Using this method, you can determine the nature of the disease, the size and structure of the goiter, and also determine its type. For nodular goiter, a biopsy is prescribed to rule out malignancy.

Treatment

The main treatment method for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. If the cause of the disease is hyperfunction of the gland, the situation is more complicated, since the risk of tumor formation is quite high. Often with this development of events, doctors recommend surgical intervention.

Another method is treatment with radioactive iodine. This destroys thyroid tissue, which ultimately leads to hypothyroidism. But this is not a side effect, but a goal, because treating hypothyroidism is quite simple - thyroid hormone therapy.

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor that occurs when there is abnormal growth of cells within the gland. The statistics are quite favorable, the chance of a complete recovery is very high. There are such forms of carcinoma:

• follicular;
• papillary;
• medullary.

Highly aggressive forms include:

• anaplastic cancer;
• squamous cell carcinoma.

The most common is papillary thyroid cancer, and it is also the safest.

Rare forms, accounting for 1-2%, are lymphoma, sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epidermoid and metastatic cancer.

Causes

When diagnosing thyroid cancer, the doctor is unlikely to be able to say exactly what caused the disease. However, there are a number of most likely factors:

• radiation exposure;
• genetic predisposition;
• iodine deficiency;
• the presence of autoimmune processes;
• thyroid nodules.

Also considered one of the possible causes is mutations of certain genes that lead to uncontrolled cell division.

Symptoms

The first symptom that can be noticed is a nodule in the neck. Cancer also causes enlarged lymph nodes, pain in the cervical region, sometimes hoarseness, discomfort when swallowing and cough. Symptoms of thyroid cancer can be similar to other tumors.

Diagnostics

After a visual examination, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland is performed, which can be used to determine the size, location and morphological features of the neoplasm. If the node is larger than 1 cm, a biopsy and histological examination are prescribed. An isotope scan helps determine whether cancer has spread beyond the thyroid gland.

Treatment

For this disease, the main method is surgery, in which either most or all of the thyroid gland is removed. After removal of the thyroid gland, hormone replacement therapy is prescribed. Radiation or chemotherapy is used for small tumors.

Prevention of thyroid diseases

The main preventive measure should be adequate iodine intake. The daily intake for adults is 150 mcg, for pregnant women – 200-250 mcg. It is best to adhere to a specific diet whose foods are rich in iodine (see table). You can also take medications (for example, Iodomarin), this way it is easier to control the amount of iodine entering the body. Before use, consult an endocrinologist, as there are categories of people for whom consuming iodine can be dangerous.

Excessive obesity negatively affects the functioning of the thyroid gland, so if you have problems with this, you should think about losing weight.
A healthy lifestyle, quitting smoking and drinking alcohol will help avoid thyroid diseases.

As we have seen, there are a large number of types of thyroid diseases. Everyone has their own symptoms and treatment options. The main preventive method that can be recommended to everyone who cares about their health is to visit an endocrinologist at least once a year. This will help timely diagnose any disease in the early stages, when treatment has the most favorable outcome.