Recipes in Latin. Types of prescriptions. Classification of dosage forms

Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodological student manual

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RECEPTION

General compounding as a branch of medicinal science combines medical and pharmaceutical compounding. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing medications (more precisely, dosage forms). Pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

CONCEPT OF DRUG SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND MEDICINE

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

Medicine - This is a medicinal raw material that has been subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, plant, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

Dosage form They call the release form given to a medicinal substance, which best meets the purposes of use and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a specific dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - This is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Carrying out the doctor's instructions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly follow the indicated method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, and instructions on how to use the medicine to the patient are in Russian (native) language.

Recipe structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Stamp of the medical institution;

Name and age of the patient;

Full name of the doctor;

Prescription of medicine;

Instructing the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (not necessary for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructing the pharmacist on the specifics of dispensing medication to a patient

Instructing the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The doctor’s signature, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The only obligatory part of the recipe is the main active substance or basis, which is placed on the first line. It is on its use that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In second place in the recipe are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the base or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of a medicine in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In last place are the substances that give a certain form to the medicine - these are form-building substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There may be several auxiliary, corrective and form-building substances in a receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULATION

The amount of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. Measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its fractions: 0.1 - decigram; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centigram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. To indicate that the specified amount applies to all listed substances, the word “ala” (equally) or abbreviated “aa” is used.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its quantity in words and put an exclamation point (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write “verte” (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS ADOPTED IN THE RECIPE

TYPES OF PRESCRIPTIONS

There are three main types of drug prescriptions: official, manual and mainline.

A prescription that is legalized by inclusion in the Pharmacopoeia and is not subject to change is called official (from Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medico-pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it indicates only the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. The following dosage forms are only officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: prescribe espa-lipon tablets to a patient with chronic hepatitis V dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of an official prescription 2: a patient with hypertension is prescribed indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 (with such a low dose of the drug, the tablet contains fillers, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs carried out according to standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from Latin manus - guide). A manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

Example of a manual prescription: to treat neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.:Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient’s condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main copy is always expanded.

An example of compiling a master prescription: prescribe a medicine for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances influence the regulation of various parts of vascular tone: ednit, by blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; Corvitol, by blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; Normodipine inhibits calcium entry V vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and under-dosed.

If a prescription prescribes one medicinal substance, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe Nebilet, a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity, for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i once a day

When prescribing medications that contain several components, the prescription is called complex .

Example: prescribe a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide - 0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin") to a patient with arterial hypotension.

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and also gives instructions to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called expanded .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with the corresponding instructions about the concentration and total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe a 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml to relieve convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

Prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, the dose of medicinal substances for 1 dose is written and there must be the phrase “Give these doses by number...” -D.t.d. N.

Example: Prescribe Donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pain in the spine.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

A prescription where medicinal substances are prescribed in total quantities for all appointments is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed divided into separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations written in the signature.

Example: Prescribe 50 g of Revmogel to a patient with muscle pain.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: Rub a thin layer into the affected area.

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to physicochemical properties: hard, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders; they are not dosed. Powders for internal use are usually dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which states: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then add filler. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weighs less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder should not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be awkward to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: to treat ascariasis in a three-year-old child, prescribe decaris powder, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: a patient with chronic gastritis should be prescribed Gelusil powder, one-time dose 0.5, to relieve heartburn:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Bulk powder for internal use

Safe medicinal substances are prescribed orally in the form of non-dosed powders, the accuracy of the dosage for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: a patient with urolithiasis should be prescribed blemarene powder to dissolve stones.

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a container (shell) into which dosed powder, granular paste or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Usually, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules that are soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. Enteric capsules contain those substances that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Gastric soluble capsules: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Intestinal soluble capsules: gluten (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing the powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: to treat flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 in caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: Prescribe hemomycin capsule powder at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pneumonia.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. N 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: prescribe carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 to a patient with epilepsy (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 in caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one deci-gram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in a factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually included with the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. Those medicinal substances that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state are produced in the form of ampoule powders.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe quamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and administer intramuscularly.

POWDER

Powders for external use are called powders. To prepare powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of a fine powder (in this may not be indicated in the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and detailed. They are prescribed in quantities of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

Example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 norsulfazole powder.

Rр.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: prescribe 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, but tablets are also produced for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary substances, the prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, single dose 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet once a day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 in tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified methods

For better assimilation of the material according to the modified method of prescribing tablets, the basic prescription in the first recipe is given without abbreviations, and in the second recipe an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe Ednit tablets, single dose 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe altiazem PP tablets, single dose 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina, prescribe Corvitol tablets, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: to treat a fungal infection, prescribe mycosist tablets, single dose 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablet” is shortened):

Rp.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex tablets

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe Regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) Panclave (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. "Panclavum" N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: a patient with urolithiasis should be prescribed complex blemarene tablets to dissolve stones:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DROGETS

Dragee is a solid dosed dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeatedly layering medicinal and auxiliary substances onto sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

The pills are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, also includes auxiliary ones, The prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets. The prescription for a pill begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: to treat a sore throat, prescribe falimint tablets, single dose 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: to treat insomnia, prescribe Radedorm tablets, single dose 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “dragee” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules are a solid, non-dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are prescribed only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: to treat tuberculosis, prescribe sodium para-aminosalicylate granules.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day, an hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PREPARATION OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used in the production of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word “pulvis” is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word “pulvis” only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, because filler is added to them only when the powder weight is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for abdominal pain, prescribe belladonna leaf powder, single dose 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for abdominal pain, prescribe tablets from belladonna leaves, single dose 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.:no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. During classes and tests, soft dosage forms should only be prescribed in full. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that their composition includes fats and fat-like substances, which are called “ointment base,” as a formative substance. The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not interact chemically with medicinal substances and do not cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting point is close to body temperature.

Classifications: the main characteristics of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. The basics of animal, plant, mineral and synthetic origin are distinguished.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is pig fat. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. It burns out quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanolinum). It is extracted from the washing water obtained during the processing of sheep wool. It has a very viscous consistency, which is why it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wet processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). It is obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65°C, so it is added to regular ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in hot climates). When stored in the sun it becomes white and brittle.

Spermacetum. It is obtained from the cavities of sperm whales located above the skull and along the spine. Melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to give them hygroscopicity and elasticity. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of plant origin are liquid oils (with the exception of cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them softer. They penetrate the skin relatively poorly.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals: sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are products of petroleum processing and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for surface action.

The most important mineral bases are petroleum jelly (Vaselimim), petroleum jelly (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and solid paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and paraffin are used to prepare ointments, and petroleum jelly is used for liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymer materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment is a dosage form, which is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the base with form-building substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then it is a simple ointment; if two or more, it’s a complex ointment. The amount of ointment prescribed usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: to treat muscle pain, prescribe 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2.5

Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), prescribe 30 grams of ointment containing 100 mg of Macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin in 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Makmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselini ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount of active ingredients and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for ointment N1a: for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, prescribe "Fastum" ointment (contain 1 gm of 25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “ointment” is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N2: to treat skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe “Psoriaten” ointment (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N3: to treat pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, acidify the “Apizartron” ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between ophthalmic ointment and regular ointment (i.e., applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is no more than 10.0; 2) for its production, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: to treat eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M.,f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: Apply under the eyelids of the affected eye.

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a solids content of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If the powdery substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdery substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they remain on the skin longer than ointments and last longer.

Example 1: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINEMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% liniment streptocide:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are a dosage form that is solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. Based on shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of the suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. The prescription of candles in classes and in control work is main, detailed and dosed.

For making candles, the best ointment base is considered to be cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao), which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20°C, and turns into a clear liquid at a temperature of 30-34°C.

Example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, single dose 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: administer 3 times a day.

Example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with Klion, single dose 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: administer 1 time per day.

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used to make candles. In this case (see “Solid dosage forms”) the word “pulvis” is injected before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: to treat hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, one-time date 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: administer 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the dissolved substances are in a molecularly dispersed state and distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

The solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not foreign to the body, is important when preparing solutions. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) most fully satisfies this requirement, however, not all substances are soluble in it, therefore oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for preparing solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in a non-dosed and abbreviated form; to prescribe them you need to know the concentration and volume of the solution; Concentration is expressed only in % or as ratios.

Example: to wash a wound, prescribe 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) furatsilin solution:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small dosing volume;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of 0.5% allergodil solution:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription of solutions for internal use, non-dosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional ). To prescribe them, you need to know the single dose, the volume of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken by spoon and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the doctor’s instructions written in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, a dessert spoon is 10 ml and a teaspoon is 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: to treat allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dosed in tablespoons, dessert spoons, teaspoons and 10 drops. for the appointment (we write out 10 doses with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100 ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and internal use) there is an official prescription (in this case, the solution is produced at the factory and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: prescribe a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops in a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 times a day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: a patient with bronchitis should prescribe a solution of “eucabal” 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe the Tantum Rose solution:

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. for the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe the Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops into each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injection solutions are ready-made dosage forms for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be followed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmaceutical packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Olives are written down in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in %.

Example 1: to treat allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3%-l ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: administered intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: administered deeply intramuscularly once every 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging are a non-dosed dosage form and are prescribed in full. An expanded copy allows us to show that for the preparation of this solution, not distilled, but double-distilled (pyrogen-free) water is used. For prescription, you need to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: prescribe a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmaceutical package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

To prepare dosage forms from plant materials, the part of the plant with the highest content of active principles is usually taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of preparations from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tanning agents.

Along with them, plant raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars and others) and are called “ballast substances”.

Alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In their pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.) are used.

Glycosides - These are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugar part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), connected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have a wide variety of chemical structures, being a variety of phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented both by sugars familiar to the body (glucose, manose, lactose, etc.) and foreign ones (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo - soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; with water they form foaming soap solutions. Saponin genins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting; in small doses, they have an expectorant effect. If they enter the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - these are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, pungent taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as a means of improving the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the medicine. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin in plants (oak bark, alder fruit, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

The active principles of plants can also include mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics.

INfusions and decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extraction of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizomes) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. Thus, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions (valerian, ipecac) are prepared from roots and rhizomes, and infusions are prepared from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

Infusions are heated in a water bath (infusion apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time has passed, they are filtered: the decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and the infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which sharply increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is their short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dosed medicinal forms and are always prescribed in abbreviated form. The prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then indicates the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Inf. fol. Digitales 0.5-150 ml

D.S.:no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Example of a decoction: to treat constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, single dose 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150 mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

GALENIC MEDICINES

Herbal remedies include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained through complex mechanical and physical-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This makes it possible to increase the content of active ingredients in the preparation and reduce the amount of ballast substances. The most commonly used extractors are water, ethyl alcohol and ether.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially; the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the prescription.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in small doses. When they are prescribed, the name of the dosage form, the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture are indicated first. There is a rule: the total volume of tincture is equal to the number of drops per dose.

Example: to treat constipation, I prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per dose.

Extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their production is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, the total number of decrees repents in volumetric units (ml), then the word “liquid (fluidum)” after the name of the plant is not necessary.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per dose.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, and suppositories. They are dosed in weight units; It is not necessary to write the word “dry (siccum)” after the name of the plant.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.:no 1 Zraz powder per day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter Z once a day.

In the event that pharmaceutical manufacturing companies assign trade names to drugs made from herbal raw materials, their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: if cerebral blood flow is impaired, prescribe Memoplant (a standard preparation of dry extract from ginko leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with insoluble liquids. Emulsions consist of three components: a medium, a suspended substance and an emulsifying substance. In appearance they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, and also to distribute drugs evenly in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification using ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). To prepare oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic “Ointment bases”). In the case where the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is prescribed as 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier, as a rule, is taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil take apricot gum - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and dosed. An emulsion where there are only three required components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple; if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then it is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (base) comes first.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed in 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: to treat simple dyspepsia in a child, prescribe a castor oil emulsion, one dessert spoon per dose:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: no dessert spoon for the reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected surface

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: to treat increased anxiety, prescribe rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dose in teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Mucilages are thick viscous liquids and are obtained by treating plant materials with water that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchis tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves represent pure mucus (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Mucus is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects unpleasant taste and smell. They are prescribed officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: to treat gastric ulcer, prescribe flax seed mucilage:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: one tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINE ENEMAS

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The prescription for medicinal enemas is detailed.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALEN PREPARATIONS

New galenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether and/or water. Due to their high degree of purification, they contain a minimal amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike herbal preparations).

Novogalenic drugs are the official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic drug for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic drug for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglycone in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously drip once a day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are air dispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dispensing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is not dosed. Example: to relieve attacks of bronchial asthma, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalation 3 times a day

HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES

Recently, homeopathic medicines have become widespread and are available in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. Official prescription of homeopathic medicines.

Example 1: to prevent ARVI, prescribe influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: To treat pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe Climactoplan tablets:

Rp.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat per day

Example 3: to treat eczema, prescribe Iricar ointment:

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANT DRUGS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to an increase in the time of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the base is associated with an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the medicine passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

Recipe examples

Recipe examples

1. Prescribe 10 ampoules containing 50 ml of 40% glucose solution (Glucosum).
Prescribe 50 ml for intravenous administration.

Rp.: Sol. Glucosi 40% - 50 ml

D.t.d.N. 10 in ampull.

S. Inject slowly 50 ml intravenously.

2. Prescribe 6 ampoules containing 1 ml of 2.5% deoxycorticosteroid suspension
ron trimethyl acetate (Desoxycorticosteroni trimethylacetas). Prescribe 1 ml
intramuscularly 1 time every 2 weeks.

Rp.: Susp. Desoxycorticosteroni trimethylacetatis 2.5% - 1 ml

D.t.d.N. 6 in ampull.

S. Administer 1 ml intramuscularly once every 2 weeks.

In addition to the indicated dosage forms, novogalenic preparations, liquid organopreparations (see example 2), solutions of medicinal substances produced by industry and having a specific name are prescribed in ampoules (see example 3).

In all cases, after Rp.: indicate only the name of the drug and its quantity. Next come D.t.d.N. ... in ampullis, S. and signature.

1. Prescribe 10 ampoules containing 1 ml of Digalen-neo drug (Digalen-neo). Prescribe 1 ml for subcutaneous administration once a day.

Rp.: Digalen-neo l ml

D.t.d.N. 10 in ampull.

S. Administer 1 ml subcutaneously once a day.

2. Prescribe 10 ampoules containing 1 ml of Cordiaminum (Cordiaminum - 25% solution of nicotinic acid diethylamide). Prescribe 1 ml under the skin 2 times a day.

Rp.: Cordiamini l ml

D.t.d.N. 10 in ampull.

S. 1 ml under the skin 2 times a day.

Many drugs for injection (powders, solutions, suspensions, etc.) are produced in bottles. The bottles are convenient because they can ex tempore, those. immediately before use, aseptically prepare (dissolve, dilute) medications. In addition, the contents of the vial can be administered in several doses, while maintaining the sterility of the drug.

When prescribing medications in bottles, prescriptions generally follow the same rules as when prescribing them in ampoules. The difference is this. that after D.t.d.N. ...no designations are made (the word “bottle” is not mentioned anywhere).

1. Prescribe 12 bottles containing 500,000 units of benzylpenicillin sodium salt (Benzylpenicillium-natrium). Prescribe 500,000 units for intramuscular administration 4 times a day. First dilute the contents of the bottle in 2 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution.

Rp.: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 500,000 ED

S. Dilute the contents of the bottle in 2 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution.

Administer 500,000 units intramuscularly 4 times a day.

2. Prescribe 6 bottles containing 5 ml of 2.5% hydrocortisone suspension
acetate (Hydrocortisoni acetas). Prescribe 1.5 ml for injection into the cavity of the affected joint once a week.

Rp.: Susp. Hydrocortisoni acetatis 2.5% - 5 ml

S. Inject 1.5 ml into the cavity of the affected joint once a week.

3. Prescribe 6 bottles containing 5 ml (40 units per 1 ml) of insulin (Insulinum). Prescribe for subcutaneous administration 10 units 2 times a day.

Rp.: Insulini 5 ml (1 ml - 40 ED)

S. 10 units under the skin 2 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals.

When prescribing dosage forms for injections that are prepared in pharmacies (usually solutions), the prescription must indicate sterilization of the medicine. In the prescription, after the designation of the medicine, it is noted: Sterilisetur! (Let it be sterilized!). If the medicine contains several ingredients, after listing them they write: M. Sterilisetur! Then follow D.S. and signature.

Final lesson on the topic:

GENERAL RECIPE. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY.

General prescription tasks

10 tablets containing 0.02 omeprazole (Omeprazolum). Prescribe 1 tablet 2 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.005 enalapril (Enalaprilum). Prescribe 1 tablet 1 time per day.

20 tablets containing 0.005 methandrostenolone (Methandrostenolonum). Orally, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

20 tablets containing 0.5 sulfadimezinum. Prescribe 2 tablets 4 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.01 nitrosorbide (Nitrosorbidum). Prescribe 1 tablet 3 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.015 Vicasolum. Prescribe 1 tablet 1 time per day.

10 tablets containing 0.005 platyphylline hydrotartras (Platyphyllini hydrotartras). Prescribe 1 tablet 3 times a day.

3 tablets containing 0.5 azithromycin (Azithromycinum). Prescribe 1 tablet 1 time per day.

10 tablets containing 0.15 aminophylline (Euphyllinum). Prescribe 1 powder 2 times a day.

10 tablets containing 0.25 paracetamol (Para-cetamolum). Prescribe 1 tablet for headaches.

20 capsules containing 1.0 iron ferrous sulfate (Ferrosi sulfas). Prescribe 1 capsule 3 times a day.

40 capsules containing 0.15 metacyclin (Metacyclinum). Orally, 2 capsules 2 times a day.

20 gelatin capsules containing 0.25 methylthiouracil (Methyltiouracilum). Prescribe 1 capsule 3 times a day.

40 gelatin capsules containing 0.15 rafampicin (Rifampicini). Prescribe 2 capsules 2 times a day before meals.

10 capsules containing 0.05 triamterene (Triamtere-num). Prescribe 1 capsule 2 times a day.

10 capsules containing 0.15 clindamycin (Clindamyci-num). Prescribe 1 capsule 4 times a day.

20 tablets containing 0.025 proserine (Proserinum). Prescribe 1 tablet 2 times a day.

10 ml of 0.01% alcohol solution of furatsilin (Furacilinum). 2-3 drops in the ear 3 times a day.

100 ml of 20% camphor oil solution (Camphora). For external use.

10 ml of 20% solution of sulfacylum-natrium. Eye drops. Prescribe 1-2 drops 3 times a day in both eyes.

10 ml 0.5% oil solution of ergocalciferol

(Ergocalciferolum). 1 drop 1 time per day.

10 ampoules containing 1 ml of 0.1% oil solution of synestrol (Synoestrolum). Administer 1 ml intramuscularly.

(Novocainum). For spinal anesthesia.

2 bottles containing 400 ml of 5% glucose solution (Glucosum). Administer by drip into a vein.

2 bottles containing 200 ml of 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride solution (Natrii chloridum). For intravenous drip administration.

10 bottles containing 5 ml (40 units in 1 ml) of insulin-long suspension (Insulini-long). Prescribe 1 ml for subcutaneous administration once a day.

6 bottles containing 10 units of corticotropin (Corticotropinum). Prescribe 10 units for intramuscular administration, after dissolving the contents of the bottle in 2 ml of water for injection.

3 bottles containing 0.001 angiotensinamide (Angiotensinamidum). Before use, dilute in 500 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, administer intravenously, drip.

10 bottles containing 10 units of calcitrinum. Dissolve the contents of the bottle in 5 ml of water for injection, inject 2 ml intramuscularly.

12 bottles containing 500,000 units of benzylpenicillin sodium salt (Benzylpenicillini natrium) Prescribe for intramuscular administration 500,000 units 4 times a day. First dilute the contents of the bottle in 3 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution.

2 bottles containing 5 ml (5000 units in 1 ml) of heparin (Heparinum). Prescribe 2 ml for intravenous administration 4 times a day.

6 bottles containing 5 ml of 2.5% suspension of hydrocortisone acetate (Hydrocortisoni acetas). Prescribe 1.5 ml for injection into the cavity of the affected joint once a week.

20 ml of motherwort extract (Leonuri) liquid. Prescribe 20 drops 3 times a day.

30 ml liquid extract of shepherd's purse (Bursae pastoris). Prescribe 15 drops per dose 3 times a day.

20 ml ginseng tincture (...Ginsengi). Inside, 15 drops 2 times a day.

20 ml of valerian tincture (... Valerianae). Prescribe 15 drops per dose 3 times a day.

20 ml of serpentine extract (...Bistortae) liquid. Prescribe 20 drops 3 times a day.

40 ml of Leuzea extract (...Leuzeae) liquid. Prescribe 25 drops 3 times a day.

25 ml of hawthorn extract (... Crataegi) liquid. Prescribe 25 drops 3 times a day.

50 ml liquid extract of Eleutherococcus (…Eleutherococci). Prescribe 20 drops 2 times a day.

15 ml of adonisidum (Adonisidum). Prescribe 15 drops 3 times a day.

30 ml of 5% liniment streptocidum (Streptocidum). For application to burn surfaces.

100 ml of suspension containing 1% oxytetracycline (Oxytetracyclinum). Prescribe 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

100 ml of official suspension of streptocidum (Streptocidum). For application to the affected surface.

2 bottles containing 250 ml of 5% suspension of salazopyridazine (Salazopyridazinum). Prescribe 20-40 ml as an enema into the rectum 2 times a day.

25 ml of 1% official liniment synthomycin

(Synthomycinum). For application to affected areas.

30 ml aloe liniment (…Aloës). Apply a thin layer to the burn surface.

30.0 official levorin ointment (Levorinum). For lubricating affected areas of the skin.

30.0 ointment containing 2% hydrocortisone (Hydrocortisonum). For application to affected areas of the skin.

20.0 ointment containing 6% salicylic acid (Acidum salicylicum). For lubricating affected areas of the skin.

30.0 ointment containing 5% anesthesin (Anaesthesinum). For lubricating affected areas of the skin.

50.0 ointment containing 0.5% neomycin sulfate (Neomycini sulfas). For application to affected areas of the skin.

A paste containing the required amount of camphor oil (Sol. Camphorae oleosae), containing equal parts of 0.5 iodoform (Iodoformium) and thymol (Thymolum). For the treatment of caries.

A paste consisting of 3.0 calcium glycerophosphate (Calcii glycerophosphas) ​​and 1 ml of glycerin (Glycerinum). For rubbing into the necks of teeth.

A paste consisting of 10.0 iodoform (Iodoformium), 8.0 zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) with the addition of the required amount of glycerin (Glycerinum). For the treatment of deep caries.

A paste consisting of 5.0 sodium carbonate (Natrii carbonas), 20.0 calcium carbonate (Calcii carbonas) and 3 ml of glycerin (Glycerinum). For rubbing into hard tooth tissues.

Look at theoretical questions in classes on “GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY (lessons No. 1 and No. 2)

Brief rules for writing prescriptions - methodological student manual

medical, pediatric and pharmaceutical faculties

MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL RECEPTION

General compounding as a branch of medicinal science combines medical and pharmaceutical compounding. Medical prescription studies the rules for prescribing medications (more precisely, dosage forms). Pharmaceutical formulation includes the rules for the manufacture of dosage forms and is currently separated into a special branch of pharmaceutical knowledge - the technology of dosage forms.

CONCEPT OF DRUG SUBSTANCE, DOSAGE FORM AND MEDICINE

Medicinal substance (or drug) is a chemical compound with pharmacological activity.

Medicine - This is a medicinal raw material that has been subjected to special processing. Sources of medicinal raw materials can be of mineral, plant, animal, synthetic origin and waste products of microorganisms.

Dosage form They call the release form given to a medicinal substance, which best meets the purposes of use and is most convenient to use.

Medicine is a medicinal substance in a specific dosage form.

RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE

Recipe - This is a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist about the preparation of a medicine, indicating how the patient should use this medicine. Carrying out the doctor's instructions, the pharmacist (pharmacist) controls the correctness of the prescription (this mainly concerns the dose of the medicine and the compatibility of the prescribed substances). The patient, in turn, must strictly follow the indicated method of using the drug.

The prescription of the medicine is carried out in Latin, and instructions on how to use the medicine to the patient are in Russian (native) language.

Recipe structure

The recipe consists of the following sections:

Stamp of the medical institution;

Name and age of the patient;

Full name of the doctor;

Prescription of medicine;

Instructing the pharmacist to prepare a specific dosage form (not necessary for official and abbreviated prescriptions)

Instructing the pharmacist on the specifics of dispensing medication to a patient

Instructing the patient how to take the medicine correctly

The doctor’s signature, his personal seal and the seal of the institution.

The main section of the prescription is the prescription of the medicine. It always begins with an appeal to the pharmacist: Recipe - take it, after which the medicinal substances are listed in a certain sequence. The only obligatory part of the recipe is the main active substance or basis, which is placed on the first line. It is on its use that the pharmacological effect of the drug is based. In second place in the recipe are auxiliary substances (adjuvans): they are used to enhance the action of the base or weaken its undesirable effects. In third place are corrective substances (corrigens), which are introduced into the composition of a medicine in order to correct its unpleasant organoleptic (taste, color, smell, etc.) properties. In last place are the substances that give a certain form to the medicine - these are form-building substances (constituens): water in solutions, petroleum jelly in ointments, sugar in powders, etc. There may be several auxiliary, corrective and form-building substances in a receptor prescription.

BASIC DESIGNATIONS ACCEPTED IN THE FORMULATION

The amount of medicinal substances included in the prescription is indicated on the right side of the form. Measure weight in the recipe is a gram (1.0) and its fractions: 0.1 - decigram; 0.001 - milligram; 0.0001 - decimilligram; 0.00001 - centigram; 0.000001 - microgram. The measure of volume in the recipe is milliliter (1 ml). The length is indicated in centimeters (sm).

If two or more medicinal substances are indicated in the same dose, then it is indicated only once after the name of the last substance. To indicate that the specified amount applies to all listed substances, the word “ala” (equally) or abbreviated “aa” is used.

If a doctor prescribes a drug in a dose exceeding the highest single dose, then he is obliged to write its quantity in words and put an exclamation point (!).

In the event that the recipe does not fit on one side of the form, you can write “verte” (turn over) at the bottom and finish the recipe on the other side.

ABBREVIATIONS ADOPTED IN THE RECIPE

TYPES OF PRESCRIPTIONS

There are three main types of drug prescriptions: official, manual and mainline.

A prescription that is legalized by inclusion in the Pharmacopoeia and is not subject to change is called official (from Latin oficina - pharmacy). Pharmacopoeia is a medico-pharmaceutical code that has legislative significance. The State Pharmacopoeia of Russia is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines.

The official prescription is always abbreviated, that is, it indicates only the basis, its quantity and the name of the dosage form. The following dosage forms are only officially prescribed; tablets, dragees, extracts, tinctures, syrups, true emulsions, aerosols.

An example of an official prescription: prescribe espa-lipon tablets to a patient with chronic hepatitis V dose 0.6.

Rp.: Espa-Liponi 0.6

D.t.d.N30 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 1 time per day on an empty stomach

Example of an official prescription 2: a patient with hypertension is prescribed indapamide tablets at a dose of 0.0025 (with such a low dose of the drug, the tablet contains fillers, but they are not indicated in the official prescription).

Rp.: Indopamidi 0.0025

S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day in the morning

The prescription of complex drugs carried out according to standard prescriptions placed in the Pharmaceutical Manual is called manual (from Latin manus - guide). A manual prescription is always detailed, that is, it indicates all the ingredients of the medicine and instructs the pharmacist which dosage form to prepare from them.

Example of a manual prescription: to treat neurosis, prescribe Charcot's mixture:

Rp.:Inf. rad. Valerianae 0.6 - 200ral

Sodium bromide 6.0

Codeini phosphatis 0.2

S.: no 1-2 tablespoon 3 times a day

Prescriptions drawn up by a doctor at his discretion and based on the patient’s condition are called main (from Latin magister - teacher). The main copy is always expanded.

An example of compiling a master prescription: prescribe a medicine for the treatment of hypertension, prepared in such a way that individual medicinal substances influence the regulation of various parts of vascular tone: ednit, by blocking the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduces the formation of angiotensin II; Corvitol, by blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors of the heart, reduces the importance of the cardiac component in increasing vascular tone; Normodipine inhibits calcium entry V vascular smooth muscle cells.

Rp.: Ednyti 0.005

Normodipini 0.0025

Prescriptions can also be expanded and abbreviated, simple and complex, subsidized and under-dosed.

If a prescription prescribes one medicinal substance, then the prescription is called simple .

Example: prescribe Nebilet, a cardioselective beta-blocker with vasodilating activity, for the treatment of hypertension.

Rp.:Nebueti 0.005

D.t.d.N 28 in tab.

S.:no 1 tablet i once a day

When prescribing medications that contain several components, the prescription is called complex .

Example: prescribe a powder containing dihydroergocristine in a single dose of 0.0005, reserpine - 0.0001 and clonamide - 0.005 (the composition of the powder is similar to the drug "Acenosin") to a patient with arterial hypotension.

Rp.: Dihydroergotoxini 0.0005

Reserpini 0.0001

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription in which all the ingredients included in the medicine are sequentially written out, and also gives instructions to the pharmacist to prepare the dosage form, is called expanded .

Example: prescribe a powder containing digoxin (single dose 0.00025) and veroshpiron (single dose 0.025) to a patient with chronic heart failure.

Rp.: Digoxini 0.00025

Verospironi 0.025

S.: no 1 powder 2 times a day

A prescription that indicates only the name of the dosage form and the main drug substance with the corresponding instructions about the concentration and total amount of the drug dispensed, without a list of its ingredients, is called abbreviated .

Example: prescribe a 0.5% solution of seduxen in ampoules of 2 ml to relieve convulsive syndrome.

Rp.: Sol. Seduxeni 0.5%-2ml

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously

Prescription of a medicine that is dispensed in separate equal doses is called based . In this case, the dose of medicinal substances for 1 dose is written and there must be the phrase “Give these doses by number...” -D.t.d. N.

Example: Prescribe Donalgin tablets at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pain in the spine.

Rp.:Donalgini 0.25

D.t.d. N30 in amp.

S.:no 1 tablet 3 times a day

A prescription where medicinal substances are prescribed in total quantities for all appointments is called undosed . The medicine from the pharmacy is not dispensed divided into separate doses, but is dosed by the patient himself based on the explanations written in the signature.

Example: Prescribe 50 g of Revmogel to a patient with muscle pain.

Rp.:Reumogeli 50.0

S.: Rub a thin layer into the affected area.

2-3 times a day

CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS

Dosage forms are most often classified according to physicochemical properties: hard, soft, liquid, aerosol and gaseous.

Aerosol and gaseous dosage forms are prescribed only officially.

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

The main solid dosage forms include: powders, tablets, dragees and granules. Tablets, dragees and granules are prescribed only officially.

POWDERS

Powders is a solid dosage form for internal and external use, which has the property of flowability. Powders for external use are called powders; they are not dosed. Powders for internal use are usually dosed. Powders can also be simple or complex.

Powders for internal use

When prescribing dosed powders, there is a rule about 1 decigram, which states: the weight of the powder cannot be less than 0.1. If the weight of the powder is less than 0.1, then add filler. Exceptions to the one decigram rule: if the powder weighs less than 0.1, no filler is added if the powder is in capsules and ampoules. The maximum weight of the powder should not exceed 1.0; otherwise it will be awkward to take.

The filler for powders must meet the following requirements: not enter into chemical interaction with medicinal substances, not have its own pharmacological activity and irritant effect. The most commonly used fillers: sugar (Saccharum), milk sugar (Saccharum lactis), glucose (Glucosum), sodium bicarbonate (Natrii hydrocarbonas).

Complex dosed powder for internal use

Example: to treat ascariasis in a three-year-old child, prescribe decaris powder, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Decarisi 0.05

S.: but 1 powder at night.

Simple dosed powder for internal use

When prescribing a simple powder, the name of the dosage form is indicated only in the signature.

Example: a patient with chronic gastritis should be prescribed Gelusil powder, one-time dose 0.5, to relieve heartburn:

Rp: HeJusili 0.5

S.: 1 powder 3 times a day after meals

Bulk powder for internal use

Safe medicinal substances are prescribed orally in the form of non-dosed powders, the accuracy of the dosage for which is not of fundamental importance. They are prescribed in bulk, and the patient himself divides the medicine into separate portions. Depending on the method of application and its duration, the amount of powder ranges from 5 to 200 grams.

Example: a patient with urolithiasis should be prescribed blemarene powder to dissolve stones.

Rp.: Blemareni 200.0

S.: 1-2 scoops (3-6 grams) 2-3 times a day. Dissolve in a glass of water before use

CAPSULES

Capsule - this is not a dosage form, but a container (shell) into which dosed powder, granular paste or liquid medicinal substances are placed. Usually, capsules contain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste and/or an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

There are capsules that are soluble in the stomach or only in the intestines. Enteric capsules contain those substances that are destroyed upon contact with the acidic contents of the stomach. Gastric soluble capsules: starch (capsula amylacea) and gelatin (capsula gelatinosa). Intestinal soluble capsules: gluten (capsula glutoidea) and keratin (capsula keratinosa).

When prescribing the powder in capsules, you do not need to add a filler, that is, capsule powder is an exception to the one decigram rule.

Example 1: to treat flatulence (bloating), prescribe zspumizan capsule powder in a single dose of 0.04:

Rp.: Espumisani 0.04

D.t.d. N 100 in caps. gel.

S.: 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Example 2: Prescribe hemomycin capsule powder at a dose of 0.25 to a patient with pneumonia.

Rp.: Hemomycini 0.25

D.t.d. N 6 in caps. amylaceis

S.: no 2 tablets 1 time per day for 3 days

Example 3: prescribe carbapine capsule powder in a single dose of 0.2 to a patient with epilepsy (carbapine should not come into contact with the contents of the stomach):

Rp.: Carbapini 0.2

D.t.d. N60 in caps. keratinosis

S.: no 1 capsule 3 times a day.

Ampoule powder

Ampoule powder is an exception to the one deci-gram rule,

Ampoule powder is an injectable dosage form and is prepared in a factory. It is sterile and after dilution in an appropriate solvent (which is usually included with the ampoule powder), an injection solution suitable for use is obtained. Those medicinal substances that are unstable (quickly destroyed) in a dissolved state are produced in the form of ampoule powders.

Example: for the treatment of peptic ulcer, prescribe quamatel ampoule powder in a single dose of 0.02:

Rp.: Quamateli 0.02

D.t.d. N5 in amp.

S.: dilute the contents of the ampoule with a solvent and administer intramuscularly.

POWDER

Powders for external use are called powders. To prepare powders, the medicinal substance is used in the form of a fine powder (in this may not be indicated in the recipe). Their prescription is not dosed and detailed. They are prescribed in quantities of 5-100 g.

Powders can be simple or complex. In complex powders, talc is most often used as a filler. ( Talcum ), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum) and white tire (Bolus alba). To prescribe them, it is necessary to know the concentration of the drug substance and the total amount of the drug.

Example of a simple powder : prescribe 20.0 norsulfazole powder.

Rр.: Norsulfasoli 50.0

An example of a complex powder: prescribe 50 grams of 10% streptocide powder:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

PILLS

Tablets are a dosed solid dosage form prepared by pressing or forming medicinal substances. The weight of the tablets ranges from 0.1 to 2.0. Most often, tablets are intended for oral use, but tablets are also produced for sublingual administration and for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, usually includes several auxiliary substances, the prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets.

Tablets are divided into simple (one medicinal substance) and complex (several medicinal substances).

"Classic" way

Example 1: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe diroton tablets, single dose 0.01:

Rp.: Dirotoni 0.01

D.t.d. N 28 in tab.

S.: no i tablet once a day.

Example: for the treatment of prostate adenoma, prescribe prostaplant tablets in a single dose of 0.32:

Rp.: Prostaplanii 0.32

D.t.d. N60 in tab.

Example: for the treatment of giardiasis, a 12-year-old child is prescribed Macmiror tablets, a single dose of 0.2:

Rp.: Macmirori 0.2

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Some modified methods

For better assimilation of the material according to the modified method of prescribing tablets, the basic prescription in the first recipe is given without abbreviations, and in the second recipe an abbreviated version is given.

Example 1a: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe Ednit tablets, single dose 0.0025:

Rp.: Tabulettarum Ednyti 0.0025 N28

S.: no 1 tablet i times a day.

Example 1b: for the treatment of hypertension, prescribe altiazem PP tablets, single dose 0.18 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. Altiazemi RR 0.18 N20

S.:no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Example 2a: for the treatment of angina, prescribe Corvitol tablets, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Tabulettae Corvitoli 0.05

S.: nol tablet 2 times a day.

Example 2b: to treat a fungal infection, prescribe mycosist tablets, single dose 0.05 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablet” is shortened):

Rp.: Tab. Mycosysti 0.05

D.t.d. N7 S.: no 1 tablet 1 time per day.

Complex tablets

Example 1a: for the purpose of long-term contraception, prescribe Regulon tablets:

Rp.: Tabulettarum "Regulonum" N21

S.: no I tablet 1 time per day.

Example 16: for the treatment of pyelonephritis, prescribe antibiotic tablets (inhibitor-protected penicillin) Panclave (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “tablets” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Tab. "Panclavum" N15

D.S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day

Soluble tablets

They are prescribed according to the rules of simple or complex tablets, and the fact that they are soluble (effervescent) is indicated only in the signature.

Example: a patient with urolithiasis should be prescribed complex blemarene tablets to dissolve stones:

Rp.: Tab."Blemarenum" N20

S.: 1-2 tablets 3 times a day. Before use, dissolve the tablets in a glass of water.

DROGETS

Dragee is a solid dosed dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeatedly layering medicinal and auxiliary substances onto sugar granules. The weight of the dragee ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 g.

The pills are prescribed only officially. Although their composition, in addition to the main medicinal substance, also includes auxiliary ones, The prescription only indicates the basis, its dose and the number of tablets. The prescription for a pill begins with the name of the dosage form.

Example 1a: to treat a sore throat, prescribe falimint tablets, single dose 0.025:

Rp.: Dragee Faliminti 0.025

S.: Dissolve 1 tablet in the mouth 3-5 times a day.

Example 1b: to treat insomnia, prescribe Radedorm tablets, single dose 0.005 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “dragee” is abbreviated):

Rp.: Dr. Radedormi 0005

S.: 1 tablet 20 minutes before bedtime.

GRANULES

Granules are a solid, non-dosed dosage form for internal use in the form of round, cylindrical or irregular grains containing a mixture of medicinal and excipients.

Granules are prescribed only officially. Their prescription begins with the name of the dosage form

Example: to treat tuberculosis, prescribe sodium para-aminosalicylate granules.

Rp.: Granulorum Natrii para-aminosalicylatis 100.0

S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day, an hour after meals.

FEATURES OF PREPARATION OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used in the production of solid dosage forms. In this case, the word “pulvis” is indicated before the name of the anatomical part of the plant. The word “pulvis” only indicates that all anatomical parts of plants (bark, root, leaf, etc.) must be ground into powder before making medicine.

Powders from anatomical parts of plants are a partial exception to the one decigram rule, because filler is added to them only when the powder weight is less than 0.05.

Example 1: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe powder from digitalis leaves, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Digitalis 0.05

S.: no 1 powder at night.

Example 2: for abdominal pain, prescribe belladonna leaf powder, single dose 0.01:

S.: no 1 powder 3 times a day.

Example 3: for abdominal pain, prescribe tablets from belladonna leaves, single dose 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

D.t.d. Nl0 in tab.

S.:no 1 powder 3 times a day.

SOFT DOSAGE FORMS

Soft dosage forms include ointments, pastes, liniments, patches, suppositories. During classes and tests, soft dosage forms should only be prescribed in full. With the exception of suppositories, these are not dosage forms.

All soft dosage forms in one group are united by the fact that their composition includes fats and fat-like substances, which are called “ointment base,” as a formative substance. The main properties of ointment bases are:

1. high smearing ability;
2. indifference (do not interact chemically with medicinal substances and do not cause irritation to the skin and mucous membranes);
3. mix well with medicinal substances;
4. do not change properties under the influence of light and air;
5. melting point is close to body temperature.

Classifications: the main characteristics of ointment bases

Ointment bases are classified according to their origin. The basics of animal, plant, mineral and synthetic origin are distinguished.

Ointment bases of animal origin

Ointment bases of animal origin are relatively well absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for deep action.

Purified pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus). Its source is pig fat. It is closest in structure to human fat, is well absorbed from the skin, and melts at body temperature. It burns out quickly (within 2 weeks) in the light.

Lanolin (Lanolinum). It is extracted from the washing water obtained during the processing of sheep wool. It has a very viscous consistency, which is why it is not used independently, but added to other ointment bases. Hydrophilic (100 g of anhydrous lanolin absorbs 150 g of water without loss of ointment consistency), which allows it to be used in wet processes. Melts at body temperature.

Yellow wax (Cera flava). It is obtained by melting bee honeycombs. It melts at a temperature of 63-65°C, so it is added to regular ointment bases to increase their melting point (which is important in hot climates). When stored in the sun it becomes white and brittle.

Spermacetum. It is obtained from the cavities of sperm whales located above the skull and along the spine. Melts at a temperature of 45-54°C. It is added to other ointment bases as a sealant, as well as to give them hygroscopicity and elasticity. It has its own pharmacological activity: it enhances the processes of regeneration and local immunity.

Fish oil (Oleum jecoris Aselli). It has a liquid consistency, as a result of which it is used for the preparation of liniments. It has its own pharmacological activity: it contains a large amount of vitamins A and D.

Ointment bases of plant origin

Ointment bases of plant origin are liquid oils (with the exception of cocoa butter, which has a solid consistency) and are used in the manufacture of liniments or added to ointments to make them softer. They penetrate the skin relatively poorly.

The main vegetable oils used in pharmaceuticals: sunflower oil (Oleum Helianthi), linseed oil (Oleum Lini), olive oil (Oleum Olivarum), almond oil (Oleum Amygdalarum), peach oil (Oleum Persicorim), sesame oil ( Oleum Sesami), bleached oil (Oleum Hyoscyami), cottonseed oil (Oleum Gossypii). castor oil (Oleum Ricini), cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao).

Ointment bases of mineral origin

Mineral ointment bases are products of petroleum processing and are mixtures of solid and liquid saturated hydrocarbons. They have high chemical resistance. They are practically not absorbed from the skin, so it is advisable to use them in ointments used for surface action.

The most important mineral bases are petroleum jelly (Vaselimim), petroleum jelly (Oleum Vaselini) or liquid paraffin and solid paraffin (Paraffmum soHdum). Vaseline and paraffin are used to prepare ointments, and petroleum jelly is used for liniments.

Recently, ointment bases of synthetic origin, which are essentially artificial polymer materials, have become increasingly important.

OINTMENTS

Ointment is a dosage form, which is a homogeneous mass of soft consistency and intended for external use. Ointments are obtained by mixing the base with form-building substances, which are called ointment bases. If the composition of the ointment, in addition to the ointment base, includes one active principle, then it is a simple ointment; if two or more, it’s a complex ointment. The amount of ointment prescribed usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple ointment: to treat muscle pain, prescribe 50 grams of 5% butadiene ointment:

Rp.:Butadioni 2.5

Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f.unq. D .

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of a complex ointment: for the treatment of candidal colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by yeast-like fungi - candida), prescribe 30 grams of ointment containing 100 mg of Macmiror and 40,000 units of nystatin in 1 g (corresponds to the composition of the vaginal cream "Makmiror complex 500 "):

Rp.: Macmirori 3.0

Nistatini 120000ED

Vaselini ad 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

For a number of ointments, there is an official prescription (in this case, the ointment is produced in a factory way and contains a clearly defined amount of active ingredients and ointment bases).

An example of an official prescription for ointment N1a: for the treatment of inflammatory joint diseases, prescribe "Fastum" ointment (contain 1 gm of 25 mg of ketoprofen):

Rp.: Unguentum "Fastum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N16 (the type of prescription is the same, but the word “ointment” is abbreviated): for the treatment of purulent-necrotic skin lesions, prescribe Iruksol ointment (contains an antimicrobial agent and a proteolytic enzyme):

Rp.: Ung. "Iruxohun" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N2: to treat skin manifestations of psoriasis, prescribe “Psoriaten” ointment (contains several ingredients of plant origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Psoriatenum" 30.0

S.: apply to affected areas.

An example of an official prescription for ointment N3: to treat pain syndrome in traumatic, inflammatory and neurological diseases, acidify the “Apizartron” ointment (contains several ingredients of animal and synthetic origin):

Rp.: Ung. "Apisarthromum" 20.0

Eye ointment

There are three main differences between ophthalmic ointment and regular ointment (i.e., applied to the skin and mucous membranes): 1) its total weight is no more than 10.0; 2) for its production, lanolin is necessarily used in a ratio of 1:10 in relation to the main ointment base; 3) it is sterile.

Example: to treat eye herpes, prescribe 5 grams of 3% acyclovir ointment:

Rp.: Acicloviri 0.15

M.,f.imq. Sterilis!

D.S.: Apply under the eyelids of the affected eye.

PASTES

Paste is a soft dosage form with a solids content of at least 25%, but not more than 65%. If the powdery substances are less than 25%, then indifferent substances are added: talc (Talcum), starch (Amylum), zinc oxide (Zinci oxydum), white clay (Bolus alba) and some others.

The presence of a large amount of powdery substances gives the pastes a denser consistency, as a result of which they do not melt at body temperature, but soften. Therefore, they remain on the skin longer than ointments and last longer.

Example 1: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 30% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

Example 2: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% streptocidal paste:

Rp.: Sireptocidi 5.0

Vaselini ad 50.0

D.S.: Apply to affected areas.

LINEMENTS

Liniment is a soft dosage form where liquid oil is used as an ointment base.

Example: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 50 g of 10% liniment streptocide:

Rp.: Streptocidi 5.0

Ol. Vaselini ad 50.0

M.,f. linimentum.

D.S.: apply to affected areas.

CANDLES

Suppositories are a dosage form that is solid at room temperature and melts at body temperature. Based on shape and weight, rectal (1.1-4.0) and vaginal (1.5-6.0) suppositories are distinguished. If the weight of the suppositories is not specifically indicated, then rectal suppositories are prescribed with a weight of 3.0, vaginal - 4.0. The prescription of candles in classes and in control work is main, detailed and dosed.

For making candles, the best ointment base is considered to be cocoa butter (Oleum Cacao), which is hard and brittle at a temperature of 15-20°C, and turns into a clear liquid at a temperature of 30-34°C.

Example of rectal suppositories: for the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis, prescribe rectal suppositories with indomethacin, single dose 0.05

Rp.rujdomeracini 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale. D.t.d. N10.

S.: administer 3 times a day.

Example of vaginal suppositories: for the treatment of trichomonas colpitis (inflammation of the vagina caused by protozoa - Trichomonas), prescribe vaginal suppositories with Klion, single dose 0.1

Ol. Cacao ad 4.0

M.,f.supp.vaginale

S.: administer 1 time per day.

Anatomical parts of plants can be directly used to make candles. In this case (see “Solid dosage forms”) the word “pulvis” is injected before the name of the anatomical part of the plant.

Example: to treat hemorrhoids, prescribe rectal suppositories with belladonna leaf, one-time date 0.01:

Rp.:Pul. fol. Belladonnae 0.01

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale

S.: administer 3 times a day.

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Liquid dosage forms include solutions and medicinal extracts from plants: decoctions, infusions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, emulsions.

SOLUTIONS

Solutions are a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in a solvent, in which the dissolved substances are in a molecularly dispersed state and distributed in the form of individual molecules and ions.

There are solutions for external use, internal use and injection.

The solvent, which ideally should be neutral and not foreign to the body, is important when preparing solutions. Basic properties of solvents:

1) must dissolve the medicinal substance without chemical interaction with it;

2) should not have an irritating effect, its own pharmacological activity and toxicity.

Water (Aqua destillata, and for injections - Aqua bidestillata) most fully satisfies this requirement, however, not all substances are soluble in it, therefore oils, ethyl alcohol (Spiritus aethylicus), ether (Aether aethylicus), chloroform can be used as solvents (CMorofonnum), glycerin (Glicerinum) - the last three are only for preparing solutions for external use.

Solutions for external use

They are prescribed in a non-dosed and abbreviated form; to prescribe them you need to know the concentration and volume of the solution; Concentration is expressed only in % or as ratios.

Example: to wash a wound, prescribe 500 ml of 0.02% (J: 5000) furatsilin solution:

Rp.: Sol. Furacilim 0.02%-500ml(1:5000-500ml)

Eye drops

Eye drops are solutions for external use. There are three main differences between them and conventional solutions:

1) their total volume usually does not exceed 10 ml;

2) small dosing volume;

3) sterility.

Example: for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, prescribe 10 ml of 0.5% allergodil solution:

Rp.: Sol. Allergodili 0.5%-10ml

D.S.: no 2-3 drops in each eye

Solutions for internal use

Prescription of solutions for internal use, non-dosed, expanded or abbreviated (optional ). To prescribe them, you need to know the single dose, the volume of intake (spoons, drops) and the total number of doses (10-12 when taken by spoon and 20-60 drops). The patient doses the solutions himself, based on the doctor’s instructions written in the signature.

The volume of a tablespoon is 15 ml, a dessert spoon is 10 ml and a teaspoon is 5 ml; in 1 ml of water - 20 drops, alcohol and ether (conditionally) - 50 and 80 drops, respectively.

Example: to treat allergies, prescribe a Zyrtec solution for internal use, a single dose of 10 mg, dosed in tablespoons, dessert spoons, teaspoons and 10 drops. for the appointment (we write out 10 doses with a spoon and 20 with drops):

expanded abbreviated

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.07%-150ml

Aq.destill. ad 150.0 D.

M.S.: l tablespoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 0.1%-100 ml

Aq.destill. ad 100.0 D.

M.S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

S.: 1 dessert spoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.1 Rp.: Sot. Zyrteci 0.2%-50ml

Aq.destill. ad 50.0 D.

M.S.: 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day

Rp.: Zyrteci 0.2 Rp.: Sol. Zyrteci 2%-10mI

Aq.destill. ad 10.0 D.

M.S.: no 10 drops 3 times a day

D.S.: 10 drops 3 times a day

For a number of solutions (both for external and internal use) there is an official prescription (in this case, the solution is produced at the factory and contains a clearly defined amount of active principles and solvent).

An example of an official solution for internal use: prescribe a solution of cordiamine 20 drops per dose (the number of drops in a single dose corresponds to the total volume in ml):

Rp.: Cordiamini 20ml

S.: 20 drops 3 times a day

An example of an official multicomponent solution for internal use: a patient with bronchitis should prescribe a solution of “eucabal” 20 drops per dose:

Rp.: Eucabali 20m!

D.S: 20 drops 3 times a day

Examples of official solutions for external use:

1. for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vagina and cervix, prescribe the Tantum Rose solution:

Rp.: Tantirosae 120ml

D.S.: douche 1-2 times a day

2. for the treatment of acute rhinitis, prescribe the Nafazol solution:

Rp.: Nafesoli 10ml

S.: instill 2 drops into each nostril 2-4 times a day

Injection solutions

Injection solutions are ready-made dosage forms for parenteral use. When preparing injection solutions, 3 rules must be followed: they must be sterile, pyrogen-free and isotonic (the latter is important for large volumes of administration).

There are ampoule solutions (prepared in the factory) and in pharmaceutical packaging (prepared in a pharmacy).

Ampoule solutions

Ampoule solutions are a dosage form. Olives are written down in abbreviated form, the concentration of the solution is expressed in %.

Example 1: to treat allergy complications, prescribe an ampoule solution of prednisolone (single dose 30 mg) in 1 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Prednisoloni 3%-l ml

D.t.d. N3 in amp.

S.: administered intramuscularly 1 time per day

Example 2: for the treatment of osteoporosis, prescribe an oil solution of retabolil (single dose 50 mg) in 2 ml ampoules:

Rp.: Sol. Retabolili oleosae 5%-I ml

D.t.d. N1 in amp.

S.: administered deeply intramuscularly once every 4 weeks

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging

Solutions in pharmaceutical packaging are a non-dosed dosage form and are prescribed in full. An expanded copy allows us to show that for the preparation of this solution, not distilled, but double-distilled (pyrogen-free) water is used. For prescription, you need to know the single dose of the substance, the single volume of the solvent and the total number of injections.

Example: prescribe a solution of diphenhydramine (single dose i 0 mg) in a pharmaceutical package for 50 injections of 1 ml:

Rp.: Oimedroli 0.5

Aq. bidestill. ad 50.0

MEDICINAL EXTRACTS FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS.

To prepare dosage forms from plant materials, the part of the plant with the highest content of active principles is usually taken.

Anatomical parts of plants

ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

The active principles determine the therapeutic effect of preparations from medicinal plants. The main groups of active principles include alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, essential oils, tanning agents.

Along with them, plant raw materials contain many different substances that do not have medicinal activity (fiber, proteins, starch, sugars and others) and are called “ballast substances”.

Alkaloids (alcali - alkali, cidos - similarity) - a group of nitrogenous organic compounds of races of crucible and animal origin, which has a pronounced pharmacological effect. Most plant hells belong to the group of alkaloids. In their pure form, alkaloids are crystalline substances or liquids, usually poorly soluble or insoluble in water. In medical practice, their water-soluble salts (atropine sulfate, papaverine hydrochloride, etc.) are used.

Glycosides - These are complex two-component organic compounds, consisting of a sugar part (glycone) and a non-sugar part (aglycone or genin), connected by an oxygen or nitrogen bridge. Genins have a wide variety of chemical structures, being a variety of phenols, anthracenes, steroids, flavones, etc. Glycones can be represented both by sugars familiar to the body (glucose, manose, lactose, etc.) and foreign ones (digitoxose of cardiac glycosides). They can be six-membered (then the corresponding glycosides will be called pyranosides) and five-membered (furanosides). Glycones determine the pharmacokinetic properties of glycosides, and pharmacodynamics are determined by genins. Glycosides in most cases are crystalline substances, easily soluble in water and alcohol.

Saponins (sapo - soap) are structurally similar to glycosides, but have surface-active properties; with water they form foaming soap solutions. Saponin genins are called sapogenins. Saponins have a bitter taste and an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes. When taken orally in large doses, they cause nausea and vomiting; in small doses, they have an expectorant effect. If they enter the blood, they can cause hemolysis of red blood cells.

Essential oils - these are organic compounds of plant nature and are oily liquids with a strong characteristic odor, pungent taste and high volatility. They are insoluble in water, but when shaken, they impart their taste and smell to it, which is the basis for the preparation of aromatic waters and their use as a means of improving the organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) properties of the medicine. Essential oils are also used as medicinal substances: many of them have neurotropic, irritant, choleretic, expectorant, antimicrobial and other types of action.

Tannins are nitrogen-free organic compounds of complex structure that have an astringent and tanning effect on the skin and mucous membranes. The main tannin in plants (oak bark, alder fruit, etc.) is tannin. Tannin also forms insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and alkaloids, which makes it possible to use it as an antidote for poisoning with these compounds.

The active principles of plants can also include mucus, resins, organic acids, vitamins, phytoncides and plant antibiotics.

INfusions and decoctions

Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extraction of active principles from medicinal raw materials of plant origin. Infusions are prepared from soft (flowers, leaves, grass), and decoctions from hard (bark, roots, rhizomes) anatomical parts of plants. There are exceptions to this rule. Thus, due to the volatility or easy destructibility of the active principles, infusions (valerian, ipecac) are prepared from roots and rhizomes, and infusions are prepared from dense leathery leaves (bearberry).

Infusions are heated in a water bath (infusion apparatus) for 15 minutes, decoctions for 30 minutes. After the specified time has passed, they are filtered: the decoctions are still hot after 10 minutes, and the infusions after complete cooling (after about 45 minutes). Before preparing infusions and decoctions from alkaloid-containing raw materials, it is moistened with a solution of citric acid, which sharply increases the extraction of alkaloids into the aqueous phase.

The main disadvantage of infusions and decoctions is their short shelf life: 3-4 days in the refrigerator.

Infusions and decoctions are non-dosed medicinal forms and are always prescribed in abbreviated form. The prescription begins with the name of the dosage form, then indicates the anatomical part of the plant, the name of the plant, its total dose and the total amount of the finished dosage form. They are dosed with spoons and drops. As a rule, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for 10-12 doses.

An example of an infusion: for the treatment of heart failure, prescribe an infusion of digitalis leaves, a single dose of 0.05:

Rp.:Inf. fol. Digitales 0.5-150 ml

D.S.:no 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

Example of a decoction: to treat constipation, prescribe a decoction of buckthorn bark, single dose 0.5:

Rp.: Dec. cort. Frangulae 5.0-150 mI

D.S.: 2 tablespoons at night.

GALENIC MEDICINES

Herbal remedies include tinctures, extracts, cnpoifbi and mucus. They are extracts obtained through complex mechanical and physical-chemical processing of medicinal raw materials. This makes it possible to increase the content of active ingredients in the preparation and reduce the amount of ballast substances. The most commonly used extractors are water, ethyl alcohol and ether.

All herbal preparations are prescribed officially; the anatomical parts of plants are not indicated in the prescription.

Tinctures

Tinctures are liquid, transparent alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extracts of active principles from medicinal raw materials. They are prepared by methods of maceration, percolation and dissolution of extracts. Most tinctures are intended for internal use, less often they are used externally (rinsing, rubbing).

Tinctures are prescribed in small doses. When they are prescribed, the name of the dosage form, the plant from which it is prepared, and the total amount of tincture are indicated first. There is a rule: the total volume of tincture is equal to the number of drops per dose.

Example: to treat constipation, I prescribed a tincture of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp.: Tinct Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: no 25 drops per dose.

Extracts

Extracts are condensed (compared to tinctures) extracts from medicinal raw materials. The technological process of their production is similar to the production of tinctures. Currently, there are two types of extracts: liquid and dry.

The rules for prescribing liquid extracts are the same as for tinctures. Since, the total number of decrees repents in volumetric units (ml), then the word “liquid (fluidum)” after the name of the plant is not necessary.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe a liquid extract of buckthorn bark, a single dose of 25 drops:

Rp: Extr.Frangulae 25ml

D.S.: 25 drops per dose.

Dry extracts are prescribed in the form of tablets, powders, dragees, and suppositories. They are dosed in weight units; It is not necessary to write the word “dry (siccum)” after the name of the plant.

Example: to treat constipation, prescribe dry extract of buckthorn bark in powders, tablets and suppositories, single dose 0.05:

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

S.:no 1 Zraz powder per day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

D.t.d. N10 in tab.

S.: no 1 tablet 3 times a day.

Rp.:Extr. Frangulae 0.05

Ol. Cacao ad 3.0

M.,f.supp.rectale.

S.: enter Z once a day.

In the event that pharmaceutical manufacturing companies assign trade names to drugs made from herbal raw materials, their prescription is carried out according to the rules for prescribing chemicals.

Example: if cerebral blood flow is impaired, prescribe Memoplant (a standard preparation of dry extract from ginko leaves) at a dose of 0.04:

Rp.; Memoplanti 0.04

D.t.d. N120 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet 3 times a day.

EMULSIONS

Emulsions are liquid dosage forms that are formed by mixing water with insoluble liquids. Emulsions consist of three components: a medium, a suspended substance and an emulsifying substance. In appearance they resemble milk.

Emulsions are used to mask the unpleasant taste of liquid oils, soften the irritating effect of drugs on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, and also to distribute drugs evenly in fats. Emulsions are prescribed internally and externally. For parenteral use, it is obtained by ultra-emulsification using ultrasonic vibrations.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are divided into oil (false) and seed (true). To prepare oil emulsions, a variety of liquid oils are used (see the topic “Ointment bases”). In the case where the weight of the oil is not indicated, it is prescribed as 1/10 of the weight of the emulsion. In order for the emulsion to be stable, an emulsifier is added, which envelops the oil particles and prevents them from merging. By their nature, emulsifiers are carbohydrates (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - Gummi Armeniacae; tragacanth - Tragacanthum; dextrin - Dcxtrinum) or proteins (gelatose - Gelatosa; egg yolk. Vitellum ovi). The emulsifier, as a rule, is taken in half the amount of oil. Exceptions: for 10.0 oil take apricot gum - 3.0, tragacanth - 0.5 and one egg yolk for 15.0 oil.

Oil emulsions

The recipe for oil emulsions is expanded and dosed. An emulsion where there are only three required components (oil, emulsifier, water) is called simple; if one or more medicinal substances are additionally prescribed, then it is a complex or medicinal emulsion. In a medicinal emulsion, the main medicinal substance (base) comes first.

Emulsions for internal consumption are dosed with spoons and prescribed in 10-12 doses; the total amount of emulsion for external use usually does not exceed 100.0.

An example of a simple emulsion for internal use: to treat simple dyspepsia in a child, prescribe a castor oil emulsion, one dessert spoon per dose:

Rp.: Ol. Ricini 10.0

Aq. destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: no dessert spoon for the reception.

An example of a medicinal emulsion for external use: to treat a superficial wound, prescribe 100 ml of a 15% streptocide emulsion:

Rp.: Streptocidi 15.0

Aq.destill. ad 100.0

D.S.: apply to the affected surface

An example of a medicinal emulsion for internal use: to treat increased anxiety, prescribe rudotel emulsion in a single dose of 0.01, dose in teaspoons:

Rp.:Rudoteli 0.1

Ol.Persicori 10.0

Aq.destill. ad 50.0

D.S.: no 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

SLIME

Mucilages are thick viscous liquids and are obtained by treating plant materials with water that contain mucous substances (flax seed - semen Lini, orchis tuber - tuber Salep, marshmallow root - radix Althaeae, seaweed - Laminaria), or they themselves represent pure mucus (Arabic gum - Gummi Arabici; apricot gum - GummiArmeniacae). Mucus is also obtained by brewing starch (Amylum) with hot water in a ratio of 1:50.

Mucus softens the irritating properties of medicinal substances, slows down their absorption in the digestive tract, and corrects unpleasant taste and smell. They are prescribed officially and always with an equal amount of water.

Example: to treat gastric ulcer, prescribe flax seed mucilage:

Rp.: Mucilagtnis Lini

Aq.destill. ana 75.0

D.S.: one tablespoon 3 times a day

MEDICINE ENEMAS

When prescribing medicinal enemas, two rules must be observed: 1) their volume should not exceed 50 ml; 2) they always contain mucus. The prescription for medicinal enemas is detailed.

Example: to relieve psychomotor agitation, prescribe a medicinal enema with atarax, a single dose of 0.025:

Rp.: Ataraxi 0.025

Mucilaginis Amyli

Aq.destill. ana 20.0

D.S.: for insertion into the rectum.

NEW HALEN PREPARATIONS

New galenic preparations are extracts from medicinal raw materials obtained by special treatment with alcohol, ether and/or water. Due to their high degree of purification, they contain a minimal amount of ballast substances, which allows them to be used parenterally (unlike herbal preparations).

Novogalenic drugs are the official dosage form: when writing a prescription, only their name and total quantity are indicated.

An example of a novogalenic drug for internal use: for the treatment of chronic heart failure, prescribe lantoside 10 drops per dose:

Rp.:Lantosidi 10.0

D.S.: no 10 drops 2 times a day.

An example of a novogalenic drug for parenteral use: for the treatment of acute heart failure, prescribe corglycone in 1 ml ampoules, a single dose of 0.0006:

Rp.: Sol. Corglyconi 0.06%-l ml

D.t.d. N10 in amp.

S.: administer intravenously drip once a day

AEROSOLS

Aerosols are air dispersion systems in which the dispersion medium is various gases, and the dispersion phase is particles of solid or liquid substances ranging in size from 1 to several tens of microns.

Aerosol preparations are used for both internal and external use. Aerosols for internal use are often equipped with a special dispensing device.

Aerosols are prescribed officially, the prescription is not dosed. Example: to relieve attacks of bronchial asthma, prescribe an aerosol of salbutamol:

Rp.: Aerosolum SaIbutamoli 50ml

D.S.: no l inhalation 3 times a day

HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES

Recently, homeopathic medicines have become widespread and are available in a variety of dosage forms, the main of which are solutions, tablets, granules and ointments. Official prescription of homeopathic medicines.

Example 1: to prevent ARVI, prescribe influcid 10 drops per dose:

Rp.: influcidi 30,0

D.S.: but 10 drops once a day

Example 2: To treat pathologically occurring menopause, prescribe Climactoplan tablets:

Rp.: tab. "Klimaktoplan" N60

S.: no 10 drops 1 pat per day

Example 3: to treat eczema, prescribe Iricar ointment:

Rp.: Ung. "Iricar" 50.0

S.: apply to affected areas 3 times a day.

THE CONCEPT OF DURANT DRUGS

Durant (retard, prolonged) drugs are drugs with a slow release of the active substance from the dosage form, which leads to an increase in the time of its action. The main dosage forms with prolonged action include tablets, spansules (capsules containing many microgranules), patches, and some injection forms.

The mechanisms for slowing the release of the active substance in different dosage forms are different. For example, in a number of injectable dosage forms (powders, suspensions), the base is associated with an indifferent substance, which gradually releases it from the muscle depot. Tablets may consist of several shells, which gradually dissolve as the medicine passes through the digestive tract. Tablets can also be compressed from microgranules with different disintegration times.

Example: for the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis, prescribe a retard form of diclofenac in a single dose of 0.1:

Rp.: Diclofenaci-retardi 0.1

D.t.d. N20 in tab.

S.: 1 tablet per day.

Tablets are a solid dosage form of medicine, primarily for internal use. The composition includes one or more active main substances; in addition to them, the tablets may contain auxiliary substances - glucose, starch, lactose, sorbitol, cellulose.

Among all dosage forms, tablet preparations account for 80%, which is explained by ease of use and, accordingly, greater patient adherence to treatment.

Recipe in Latin: basic rules

A prescription is a written request from the attending physician to a pharmacist or pharmacist. Its design must comply with strict rules, without violating the sequence of sections:

• institution stamp;
• date of writing;
• Name and age of the patient;
• Full name of the doctor;
• prescription (Rp.) - section in which the drug and its dosage are prescribed;
• da tales doses (D.t.d.) - quantitative designation, form of release of the medicine;
• signa (S.) - recommendations for use for the patient, in Russian;

doctor's signature.

Prescription options

Tablets can be prescribed in different ways:

Medicinal substance in the section "Recipe" indicated in the genitive case, without a dosage form. The form is written in the next section - "D.t.d." No. 20 in tabuletti"(give out 20 pieces in tablets). Chapter Signa without changes.

Sample statement:

D.t.d: No. 10 in tabuletti

S: 1 tablet orally 2 times a day after meals for 5 days.

The dosage form precedes the name of the substance in the section "Recipe" in the accusative case singular ( "tabulettam"), In chapter - "D.t.d" Only a quantitative indicator is indicated.

The recipe looks like this:

D.t.d. N.30

1 tablet orally at night for 30 days.

The recipe begins with the word "tabulettas"- tablets in the accusative plural, followed by the name of the medicinal substance and its dosage, followed by the quantitative value. So section "D.t.d" missing, it is merged with the section Signa and is denoted as "D.S.", which translates as "issue and designate".

S. 1 tablet orally during dinner.

Film-coated tablets are prescribed as follows: between the single dosage and quantity, the abbreviated designation of the film is added - "obd".

Rp.: Tabulettas Silimarini 0.035 obd. N 30

D.S. 2 tablets orally 3 times a day after meals without chewing.

The second way to check out with a saved section "D.t.d":

D.t.d. N.100 in tab. obd.

2 tablets orally 3 times a day 1 hour before meals.

If a medicine is prescribed by trade name, the doctor first writes "tabulettas", then the commercial name in quotation marks. In the same section ( "Rp.:") the number of tablets is prescribed, below "D.S.":

D.S. 1 tablet orally 1 time per day.

In the case of a multi-component drug, each active substance is prescribed separately with its single dosage in a tablet, example of an extract:

Riboflavini 0.005

D.t.d. N.10 in tabuletti

1 tablet 3 times a day

Incorrect prescription

In addition to the above rules for extracting, there are requirements for forms. Some drugs (narcotic, psychotropic) are prescribed on special prescription forms and are valid for 5-10 days.

If a prescription is issued inappropriately, it is considered invalid. It is marked with a stamp, information about it is transmitted to the management of the institution where the prescription was issued.