Inability to take immediate action. Mosaic psychopathy. Diagnosis and treatment of abulia

Psychopathy is a borderline state between mental illness and mental health. One of its varieties is mosaic psychopathy. Surely everyone knows what a mosaic is. These are pieces of dissimilar elements collected together. So, this disease is named this way because the patient exhibits signs of several types of psychopathy. By the way, there is a version that such historical figures as Ivan the Terrible, Hitler, Stalin, Putin and other dictators suffered from this disease.

General description of the disease

Psychiatrists who study this condition have given a definition of mosaic psychopathy. Otherwise, this disease is called mixed personality disorder, in which there is a predominance of one or the other psychopathological manifestations, but the main psychopathological syndrome is unstable and can be observed only occasionally. Unlike many mental disorders, this type of psychopathy can hardly be cured and accompanies a person throughout his life.

At the same time, modern psychiatrists believe that this disease can be considered congenital, that is, it cannot develop in adulthood. As for the reasons, it is presumably birth trauma to the head or congenital underdevelopment of the brain. With the mosaic type of psychopathy, a variety of symptoms in their totality prevent a person from adapting normally in society and meeting the psychosocial expectations of other people.

Is this mosaic type disease dangerous? Of course, yes, and first of all for the patient himself, because a combination in a person’s character of such traits as excessive hot temper, hysteria, instability, disordered drives, etc. can lead to various addictions, for example, alcoholism and drug addiction, as well as sexual, gaming and other addictions.

“Overvalued ideas” in mosaic psychopathy

There is a type of mosaic psychopathy in which a person combines not only the symptoms of various types of psychopathy, but also schizophrenia. Such a mixture of traits can lead to the emergence of so-called super-valuable ideas in a person, which the patient wants to realize at any cost. Any idea that arises in his head receives special significance in his eyes. Therefore, they can spend all their strength and energy on their implementation.

People who suffer from this disease have difficulty finding a common language with others. However, unlike apathetic and depressed individuals who withdraw into themselves, it is very difficult to communicate with people of this type. It’s not even easy to be in the same room with them. They can piss off even very calm people.

Diagnosis and picture of the disease

Psychiatry deals with identifying and treating mental illness in patients. However, even the most experienced specialists sometimes find it difficult to diagnose mosaic psychopathy, since the signs do not belong to one specific type, but to several at once, and in different variations. Sometimes, after the first examination, a psychiatrist may think that this is not psychopathy, but schizophrenia. In addition, the symptoms are constantly changing, that is, they are unstable, and only a highly qualified specialist can make an accurate diagnosis. With this type of disease, the patient may experience a combination of paranoid disorders with increased temper.

Other signs are constant complaints about injustice towards oneself on the part of everyone and everything, as well as about the dishonesty of others, for example, housing and communal services, teachers at school, medical staff, etc. Such people can go to court for any reason, and in the event of an inconvenient verdict for them, they will appeal the court’s decision for a long time.

Quite often, with mosaic psychopathy, a patient experiences a combination of radically opposite types: hysterical, excitable, schizoid and asthenic. This dangerous mixture of symptoms can lead to the development of schizophrenia. By the way, today in the Internet space you can find many alternative diagnostic options for this disease, and these primarily include an online test for mosaic psychopathy. Psychiatrists themselves can also perform such tests. However, when determining a diagnosis, the doctor must first of all be based on a study of the patient’s behavior and symptoms. After all, when answering the test questions, the patient may be insincere.

List of symptoms

By studying the character and behavior of many of the great dictators, psychiatrists came to the conclusion that some of them, namely Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Putin and others suffered from this mental illness. In recent years, domestic psychiatrist Dmitry Shchigelsky made a similar diagnosis to the current president of Belarus. He also described all the symptoms that are observed in Mr. Lukashenko and which may be characteristic of a disease such as mosaic circle (type) psychopathy. These include the following features:

• desire to manipulate people around you;
• self-centeredness;
• the idea of ​​a “Conspiracy” theory that directly affects them;
• excessive suspicion;
• inadequacy in the perception of the world
• putting forward “extremely valuable” ideas that must be brought to life;
• highly inflated self-esteem;
• pathological boasting;
• non-admission of one's own guilt;
• distortion of the truth for one's own selfish purposes;
• lack of feelings such as sympathy and empathy, and sometimes sadistic tendencies;
• inability to take responsibility;
• pessimism;
• the desire to “enter the same water twice,” that is, the inability to benefit from negative experience;
• lack of friends and like-minded people;
• inability to love;
• difficulties in communicating with people.
• disdain for social norms, etc.

Treatment options

In some cases, mosaic psychopathy can be cured using medication. But psychiatrists resort to this type of treatment only in very serious cases of illness, when the patient experiences mental suffering, especially when in contact with other people, as a result of which conflict situations arise. The choice of drugs depends on what type of psychopathy predominates.

For example, when a patient observes increased excitability, which can lead to hostile actions towards people, as well as the emergence of completely delusional and obsessive ideas in him, neuroleptics are certainly prescribed, and in combination with sedatives. And for patients suffering from rapid mood swings, treatment is carried out using anticonvulsants. The doctor’s goal is to direct the patient’s treatment in such a direction as to avoid exacerbation of the patient’s condition and progression of the disease.

Sometimes a psychiatrist has to treat such patients with tranquilizers (in case of extreme excitability) or, conversely, prescribe antidepressants. Naturally, while taking medications, it is necessary to completely abstain from alcohol and drugs. If the disease occurs in a milder form, the psychiatrist can prescribe only vitamins.

A special group of cognitive impairments is specific learning disability (SLD). In the English-language literature, these disorders are collectively called learning disabilities. In the domestic literature there is not yet a generally accepted term to designate this group of developmental disorders. They are often identified with the concept of mental retardation (MDD). Sometimes you can find such designations as “school learning difficulties” or “school difficulties”. It is clear that failure at school can be explained by various reasons - low motivation, pedagogical neglect, true mental retardation, diseases not related to the mental sphere, etc. School failure should not be confused with SSS.

Specific learning disability comprises a range of cognitive disorders that interfere with school learning despite intact intelligence. Most often, there are difficulties in mastering basic school skills (reading, writing, counting).

The number of children experiencing serious learning difficulties, according to many experts, is about 20-30%. Of these, up to 20% are due to specific disorders of reading, counting, and writing. This means that in each class, about a quarter of children struggle to master the standard educational program, and the main reason for this is specific developmental disorders, rather than poor application. Unfortunately, lack of understanding of this on the part of teachers and parents leads to a decrease in self-esteem in such children and is often the cause of school maladjustment and deviant behavior. If we consider that the number of children with SNO throughout the world tends to increase, it becomes clear that the problem of early diagnosis and correction of SNO is extremely acute. Psychogenetics has not remained aloof from this problem.

Among the various cognitive disorders that lead to difficulties in school learning, the most studied is dyslexia (reading disability). Using dyslexia as an example, let us consider what approaches to the study of SNO are used in modern psychogenetics.

6. Dyslexia

Dyslexia, or congenital “word blindness,” was first described in the mid-1890s. The main symptom of dyslexia is the inability to master reading, despite intact intelligence, the absence of visual and hearing impairments or brain injuries. Dyslexia should not be confused with a child’s reluctance to learn to read due to inadequate pedagogical influence, reduced motivation, etc. Characteristic symptoms of dyslexia are the inability to break down words into phonemes and the inability to quickly name simple visual stimuli (objects, colors, letters, numbers). Dyslexics also often have mild but distinct impairments in visual and auditory perception and some coordination problems. Dyslexia is believed to be caused by specific abnormalities in brain cells.

Back at the beginning of the twentieth century. It has been observed that cases of dyslexia run in families. In 1950, the first family study of dyslexia was conducted. Since then, genetic studies of dyslexia have become systematic. Twin studies have shown higher concordance among MZ twins (68%) compared to DZ twins (38%). The results indicate the role of heredity and general environment.

When calculating simple concordance, dyslexia is considered a qualitative, alternative trait, but there is no doubt that dyslexia is a complex trait that requires quantitative assessment and the development of standard criteria. In this case, one of the main tasks is the development of quantitative diagnostic methods and the determination of threshold estimates for diagnosis. Unfortunately, it should be noted that unified psychometric criteria for dyslexia do not yet exist. This is explained by variable symptoms, age-related changes, and the lack of a clear definition of dyslexia. Work in this direction continues. Psychologists, physiologists, doctors, and geneticists take part in it.

Despite the lack of generally accepted criteria for dyslexia, it is now clear that for genetic studies, dyslexia should be considered as a complex multifactorial trait with a threshold effect. It is unlikely that such a complex phenotype is determined by a single gene with a known function, although this cannot be considered a decisive argument in favor of the multifactorial nature of dyslexia.

Most studies in recent years show that disorders associated with the action of a single gene tend to be less common in the population and are more severe. For example, early form of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, among speech disorders, a specific disorder associated with a single gene mutation has also been discovered.

Recently, a three-generation family, known as KE, was described in which a pronounced speech disorder of a specific nature (a special type of tongue-tie) was observed. This disorder was inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Using traditional linkage analysis, it was possible to map the gene to a small interval on the long arm of chromosome 7. Mutational analysis made it possible to identify a specific mutation in the FOXP2 gene responsible for the synthesis of protein, a transcription factor. The mutation was found in all affected members of the KE family, but among the other 270 children with various forms of speech disorders, a similar defect was not found in any case.

It must be recognized that genetic analysis of dyslexia is a complex task. This is due, firstly, to the fact that there is no direct connection between genotype and phenotype. Secondly, the phenotypic variability of dyslexia is extremely large and changes with age. For example, in adults the defect is compensated, but the primary signs of dyslexia remain. Thirdly, there is no common understanding of what dyslexia is: whether it is a single symptom or represents a whole cluster of violations of individual abilities (phonological, spelling, ability to quickly name, etc.). As a result, different researchers use different experimental approaches to studying dyslexia. The specificity of the language of the country in which the research is being conducted also leaves its mark (most of the work was carried out on English-speaking populations, but research is also being conducted in Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Germany). All this creates numerous difficulties for generalizing the results of genetic studies of dyslexia.

Twin and family studies point to the role of heredity in the development of dyslexia. The first attempt to link the heritability of dyslexia to a specific chromosome was made in 1983. Using linkage analysis, it was possible to show that a possible zone of localization of dyslexia is the centromeric region of chromosome 15. In connection with the development of new technologies, the search for loci responsible for this defect has recently been carried out quite intensively. The connection between dyslexia and chromosome 6 is shown (chromosomes 6 and 15 are being specifically studied by many scientific groups). Recently, linkage to regions of chromosomes 2, 3 and 18 was identified.

The success of the work carried out in this regard will be determined by three main areas:

Firstly, the creation of gene mapping methods for quantitative traits associated with the speech sphere;

Secondly, by isolating and involving in genetic research more specific phenotypes that determine dyslexia;

Thirdly, by creating capabilities for scanning the entire genome.

The main goal of searching for key genes is to try to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of the pathology of dyslexia. At the same time, it will be possible to learn more about how reading and other speech processes occur normally. Identification of specific genes is not an end in itself. At the next stage, their functions will be clarified (functional genomics), i.e. the functions of those products that are encoded by this gene: are they involved in cell metabolism and how, are they transcription regulators or structural proteins. For example, if the corresponding gene encodes a protein that is a membrane receptor, one could begin to look for agents with which it interacts and try to find ways to change or interrupt signaling pathways. Identification of the genetic mechanisms responsible for the development of reading impairment and other speech processes will help clarify the nature of the disorder at other levels (physiological, neuropsychological). All this will lead to a better understanding of the nature of dyslexia and will provide an opportunity for the development of methods for early diagnosis and correction of the disorder.

Dyslexia is one of the complex systemic developmental disorders, which is currently most fully studied in psychogenetics. The example of dyslexia clearly shows the logic in which research into the genetics of complex disorders and diseases is conducted. In addition to dyslexia and other specific cognitive disorders, modern psychogenetics pays great attention to research into early childhood autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which also belong to systemic developmental disorders and are of interest due to their increasing incidence among the child population.

Therefore, you should act very quickly here. A healthy person can easily get rid of abulia, unlike a sick person.

Abulia

One of the signs of apathy is considered to be abulia - lack of will, weak character, passivity. This state is characterized by a lack of volitional motivation, complete inaction even to satisfy basic needs, lack of initiative, and disinterest in anything. If previously a person could be interested in something, now even favorite activities and hobbies do not bring a joyful state.

Abulia is considered not just a pathological condition, but also a mental disorder, since sometimes it has completely physiological reasons for its occurrence. That is why, if necessary, you should seek the help of a psychiatrist on the website psymedcare.ru. If you notice the first signs of abulia or someone close to you suffers from this condition, then you should solve the problem and not let it take its course.

Abulia must be distinguished from other conditions. Apathy is a depressed mood. If there is a combination of depressed mood and lack of will, inaction, then apathetic-abulsic syndrome occurs. The first signs appear on the first day. A person stops performing actions, his productivity drops sharply to zero. There is a lack of emotionality here. The person doesn’t feel anything, doesn’t want, doesn’t worry. Nothing worries him. This should be distinguished from the inability to feel or do anything. Abulia is the absence of desire, and impossibility is something else.

If a person stops performing any actions, that is, is completely immobilized under the influence of his condition, then we are talking about abulic-akinetic syndrome (catatonic stupor). When translated from ancient Greek, “abulia” means “there will be no action.” We are talking about a state when a person loses motivation and the will to act.

This disorder is dangerous at any age. It spares neither the young nor the elderly and can develop in anyone, even if mental pathologies have not been observed before.

Causes of abulia

For what reasons does abulia develop? Physiological and psychological factors are considered here:

1. Traumatic brain injury that damages the functionality of the central nervous system.
2. Brain disorders in the frontal region.
3. Infectious diseases: meningitis, encephalitis, etc.
4. Heredity.
5. Circular psychosis.
6. Stress.
7. Oligophrenia.
8. Borderline states: psychasthenia, psychoneurosis, hysteria.
9. Stroke.
10. Improper production of dopamine.
11. Schizophrenia.
12. Deep depression.
13. Brain tumors.
14. Neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
15. Brain hemorrhages.
16. Exposure to toxic substances, such as cyclosporine-A.
17. Dementia.
18. Affective insanity.
19. Addiction.
20. Excessive parental care, suppression of the child’s will.
21. Constant failures in life.

Obviously, there are many reasons. Some of them depend on a person's genetics, and many can arise as a result of poor lifestyle choices. Here the psychological factor becomes important - the presence of motivating incentives. In this case, abulia often becomes a companion to apathy.

The condition itself is often found in the list of other diseases, for example, apathy, schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease. However, psychologists have already noted the need to separate this condition from other diseases, even if it accompanies them. Thus, abulia can develop as an independent disease.

At the same time, scientists indicate that the reasons for the development of abulia can influence the formation of other diseases. If we are talking about disorders or damage to the brain, then other diseases will certainly develop, for example, dementia.

Mild forms of the disease can develop due to low resistance to stress, as well as due to a tendency to somatoform disorders.

Symptoms of abulia

Abulia comes in different types. However, her symptoms change slightly. The following disorders of will are distinguished:

• Hyperbulia is marked by excessive activity and activity.
• Hypobulia is characterized by a sharp decrease in activity.
• Abulia is a loss of desire to perform actions effectively, to achieve goals and results.
• Parabulia is noted as a behavioral disorder.

Depending on the duration of the condition, its types are distinguished:

• Short-term is often observed in borderline states and depression. While a person is in a depressive decline, he experiences lack of will and inaction. He understands the need to perform some action, but is unable to muster the strength. This type of abulia also manifests itself in psychopathy and neuroses, when drives are reduced, there is no motivation, and the ability to make a decision disappears.
• Constant.
• Periodic can be seen in psychological disorders and drug addiction. When an exacerbation occurs, symptoms of abulia appear.

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What are the symptoms of abulia when it occurs in a person?

1. Lethargy. Intellectual activity decreases.
2. Insulation. The person experiences certain difficulties in social contacts.
3. Difficulty in making decisions.
4. Neglect of hygiene.
5. Lack of will to take any action. A person lies on the sofa and is unable to bring himself to go to the toilet or kitchen.
6. Decreased need to meet basic needs, such as sleeping or eating. Laziness is clearly manifested: you don’t want to wash your face, comb your hair, or get out of bed. There is complete indifference to one’s own appearance.
7. Loss of interest in favorite activities, usual activities.
8. Spontaneity or constraint of actions.
9. Passivity.
10. Mutism is speech passivity. A person may not answer questions and lose interest in live communication.
11. Apathy is indifference and indifference. The person does not experience emotional experiences. Often fenced off from the world around him due to a lack of interest and desire to take any part in it.
12. Adynamia is inhibition of motor or mental processes.
13. Pessimism.
14. Unreasonable fatigue.
15. Social phobia.
16. Inability to concentrate.
17. Poor appetite. He can chew food for a long time without swallowing. May suddenly refuse food while it has already been chewed.
18. Memory impairment.
19. Insomnia.

If you look at the patient from the outside, it may seem that he is indifferent to absolutely everything (not only to those around him, but also to himself and his needs). Nothing interests him, he is passive and even motionless. His reaction to verbal cues is inhibited. He doesn't show initiative.

Diagnosis of abulia

Already based on external manifestations that a person cannot hide, the first stage of diagnosing abulia is carried out. However, certain difficulties arise here. In many ways, abulia is similar in symptoms to other disorders and character traits. Also here it is necessary to exclude mental illnesses that may be hidden behind abulia. For example, psychologists rule out schizophrenia and dementia, which are in many ways similar to the behavior of a person with abulia.

The surest way to diagnose is to observe the patient. Within a few days, you can collect the entire list of symptoms that appear in a person and make an accurate diagnosis. The localization of the disease is found by taking images on computer and magnetic resonance imaging, collecting blood tests and conducting neurological testing.

Differential diagnosis should exclude manifestations of weakness of will, which is a character trait, not a syndrome. Weakness is the result of upbringing. A person is active, has desires and interests, but is not able to defend them.

This is where avoiding laziness becomes important. The person may simply be lazy or unwilling to follow other people's instructions. However, this is not abulia. It becomes very difficult to recognize laziness when diagnosing children. They can fake their condition if they know what annoys their parents. Often children simply do not want to follow their parents’ instructions, which from the outside seems like a disorder. Here you cannot do without the help of a specialist, since parents may be mistaken in their suspicions.

It is also necessary to exclude apathy, which simply makes a person unemotional. Through observation, conversations with a psychologist and research using CT and MRI, a diagnosis can be made. If there are obvious disturbances in the functioning of the brain, as well as if all the symptoms are identified, we can talk about abulia.

Treatment of abulia

Depending on the causes of abulia, one or another course of treatment is prescribed. Specialists take a comprehensive approach to the problem when not only medication, but also psychological help is needed. If the cause is psychological, then it is eliminated. If the cause is a dysfunction of the brain, then medications are used.

You should get rid of abulia in a comprehensive manner:

1. Find something interesting to do. Since a person has problems with interest, he must overcome this barrier.
2. Lack of self-pity. Often abulia becomes a problem due to the fact that people cherish this condition within themselves. Support, sympathy, understanding - all this only harms the patient.
3. Involvement in common activities or entertainment. You cannot get rid of abulia without the support of loved ones. The patient should be invited to joint feasts and entertainment events. You should also ask him for help, emphasizing that without him you will not be able to do anything.

Often the patient may feel unwanted. This is often observed in older people. In this case, you should offer to take part in your life. Relatives, their attention and spending time together, can cure abulia.

In severe cases, you cannot do without medication. Here only specialists decide how to help the patient. In addition, psychotherapeutic and psychoanalytic work is carried out with the patient. Antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, and atypical antipsychotics are often prescribed, and a rehabilitation program to stimulate parts of the brain is also carried out.

If abulia is a consequence of a mental disorder or physiological disease, then treatment should be aimed at eliminating the cause. Abulia is a consequence that will go away if the cause is eliminated.

Prognosis for abulia

The prognosis for abulia is far from favorable. If abulia is an independent disease that developed against the background of a mental disorder, then much depends on the degree of recovery from a negative state. If we are talking about brain damage, heredity and serious mental illnesses, then the result will be disappointing.

Life expectancy depends entirely on the underlying disease. Abulia itself is not fatal. However, cases of its complete cure are becoming rare.

At the stage of abulia formation (mild degree), it is possible to return a person to a social lifestyle, increase activity and resume normal existence. However, at a severe stage of the disease, cases of complete recovery become rare.

Scientists are trying new treatments for abulia. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, hypnosis, and medications that increase dopamine activity are used here. However, there are no positive results yet. Today, psychologists can only slow down or partially restore interest in life and volitional motivation. However, this process is difficult. In the presence of serious mental disorders, the process of eliminating abulia becomes almost impossible.

The main task of specialists is to return a person to social life. If the patient can socialize and adapt, then the chances of his recovery are high. Not only psychologists, but also physiotherapists and speech therapists take an active part here. In rare cases, it is possible to recover from this condition on your own, since a person may not be able to cope with the contradictions that arise in him. At the same time, the patient must gradually understand responsibility for his life, which is ensured by shifting the responsibility to care for himself onto him.

The main causes and symptoms of abulia. Methods for treating mental disorders

Psychopathological disorders of volitional processes entail a lack of desire for purposeful activity, weak character and passivity of existence. Pathology of volitional processes can be observed in organic brain disorders and mental disorders. Such patients often lack the desire and interest in performing activities; they can lie in bed for days, without even making an effort to perform the necessary actions related to basic needs.

Clinical manifestations of the syndrome and its types

Will is a special regulatory factor, a planned ability for productive activity aimed at results. Violation of volitional processes is often associated with pathology of activity, motivation and behavior. Disorders of will are of the following types:

Hyperbulia is an excessive manifestation of activity, and hypobulia is its opposite, a decrease in the function that motivates activity. Parabulia appears directly as a behavioral disorder. Lack of will is characterized by a loss of desire for productive activity and a lack of motivation to achieve results. According to duration, abulia is divided into the following subtypes:

A short-term course of the disease is observed in adynamic depression, borderline states (neuroses, asthenia). Patients with depressive disorders are often deprived of active activity, their motivational and volitional sphere is in decline. A person who is in the stage of depression understands the need for volitional direction, but cannot always muster the strength to begin to act. Also, short-term lack of will can be observed in neurosis, psychopathy and manifest itself in the form of an inability to make a decision, decreased motivation and lack of motivation.

Periodic lack of will occurs in drug addiction and advanced somatoform disorders. The recurrent nature of the decline in volitional processes often coincides with the stages of exacerbation in schizophrenia. Recurrent violations of will are often present in the clinical picture of manic-depressive psychosis. A constant lack of motivational base and volitional impulses is a characteristic sign of catatonic schizophrenia and severe brain damage. Lack of will in combination with immobilization in schizophrenia can turn into a catatonic stupor. It is the apato-abulic syndrome in the clinical picture of schizophrenia that is the most severe manifestation of impaired will.

Among the main symptoms of the disease are:

• slowness of thought processes,
• difficulties in making decisions,
• reduction in social contacts, up to isolation,
• lack of motivation to take action,
• neglect of hygiene,
• reducing the need for basic human needs (food, sleep),
• loss of interest in usual activities,
• passivity,
• stiffness or spontaneity of movements.

Abulia can occur in combination with mutism, apathy and adynamia. Mutism is understood as speech passivity, which manifests itself in the absence of a verbal speech component. Patients do not answer questions, showing with all their appearance their reluctance to come into contact with others. The French psychiatrist Florenville believed that the “involuntary manifestation of mutism” is combined with lack of will and passivity of motor activity.

Apathy, which is emotional indifference and indifference, is often combined with a lack of volitional activity, forming apatho-abulic syndrome. The clinical picture of this condition occurs in the form of emotional impoverishment and automated actions. Patients become withdrawn, often remain silent for long periods of time, and try to avoid contact with others. This condition is characteristic of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder.

Adynamia, manifested in the inertia of the incentive function to action, can occur both in the form of inhibition of thought processes and in the complete absence of movements. According to the German psychiatrist K. Kleist, this phenomenon is characteristic of lesions of the frontal parts of the brain. The scientist called this specific combination of lack of will and inertia of movements “broken feather syndrome.”

Causes of the disease

The causes of this psychopathological syndrome are injuries and brain tumors, hereditary predisposition to schizophrenia and other mental disorders, and dementia. Mild manifestations of the disease can be observed with low stress resistance and a tendency to somatoform disorders. This psychopathological syndrome is observed in the following diseases:

• schizophrenia,
• lesions of the frontal parts of the brain,
• borderline states,
• depression,
• dementia.

Most often, lack of will manifests itself in schizophrenia and organic lesions of the frontal parts of the brain. According to the German scientist E. Bleuler, lack of will, as one of the symptoms of schizophrenia, manifests itself as a kind of “loss of energy potential.” “The need against and despite,” according to the psychiatrist, was the main feature of patients with schizophrenia due to the simultaneous presence of desire and the lack of strength to realize it.

Back in the 50s of the twentieth century. Soviet psychiatrist M. O. Gurevich proved that the frontal part of the brain performs the function of controlling impulses and volitional processes. Patients with lesions of the frontal regions are very inert in their judgments, often unable to make a simple effort to perform primitive actions. When the brain is damaged, the disease occurs in the form of motor inhibition combined with a weakening of thought processes.

Treatment of abulia

First of all, it is necessary to treat the main disease, within which the lack of will manifests itself. If the lack of volitional effort occurs on the basis of schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotics are widely used as medications. If the cause of abulic syndrome is depression, antidepressants are used. The treatment regimen is determined exclusively by a psychiatrist, who relies on anamnesis and diagnostic criteria.

The prognosis for the treatment of apatho-abulic disorder in combination with schizophrenia is often unfavorable. In psychiatric practice, with long-term treatment of the disease, only partial remission was observed, and cases of transformation of schizophrenia into progressive stages were noted. In the best cases, there were improvements in social interaction and communication with others.

Psychotherapy is widely used in the treatment of abulia, especially in short-term, mild forms of the disease. The use of psychotherapeutic methods to treat lack of will in schizophrenia is a controversial issue. However, many doctors practice using hypnosis and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy to reduce signs of the syndrome. The main goal of the psychotherapeutic approach is to establish social adaptation and form a strong-willed and motivational base.

Comments and feedback:

You have to force yourself, there's nothing you can do. You need to accomplish a feat and find the motivation for yourself to do what needs to be done. I know these internal states, I felt them in my own skin. You need to use all your moral and volitional resources, otherwise you will completely die, and this, guys, cannot be allowed. In the name of yourself, in the name of your mother, in the name of other people who depend on you in one way or another and often need much more help than you do. one day it will all end, nothing lasts forever, but you can go down in history and do something really significant in your life, something that will forever remain in people's memory and will be remembered with admiration many years later. To overcome and defeat yourself, being in a state of schizophrenic apatho-abulia, to do something necessary, despite your condition - this is a real feat, truly heroic, and at least for this sake it is worth fighting for yourself and not giving up, no matter what hard. “This too shall pass. "©.

Problems of volitional self-regulation: abulia or weakness of will?

Every person has at least once experienced a temporary lack of willpower, when they don’t want to do anything at all or there is not enough motivation to complete a certain task. But how to distinguish banal weakness, laziness, apathy from abulia - a disease that may indicate the presence of a mental disorder? Abulia or weakness of will? You will find the answer to this question in the article.

Willpower and weakness of will

Will is a person’s ability to consciously act in the direction of a set goal, overcoming internal and external obstacles.

The basis of volitional behavior is a complex psychological mechanism, including:

1. Mediocrity. Volitional behavior is not situational or impulsive, but is defined as a means to achieve a goal.
2. Internal intellectual plan. Volitional actions are performed deliberately; Thinking is involved in making a decision to take one or another step.
3. Conscious regulation of activity. This is a function of the will, which consists in controlling conscious decision-making that determines the future course of life.

Will is also the source of human activity. When problems with volitional self-regulation appear, the individual becomes passive, lacking initiative; roughly speaking, he moves from the level of life activity to the level of existence.

Will develops in ontogenesis. Its first manifestations can be seen when the baby begins to control his movements in order to achieve what he wants. Only by the end of preschool age will the will develop to a level where the child is able to set a task for himself and persistently and purposefully carry it out.

The formation of will is carried out not only due to the development and growth of the child, but also under the influence of parental education and, later, self-education. Weak will is a sign of flaws during upbringing, which can be eliminated through self-education.

A strong-willed person is said to be a “person of character.” Absolutely all people have character, but well-developed willpower makes a person a strong-willed person, and poorly developed willpower makes a person weak-willed and weak-willed.

Weakness is not a lack of will, but only its insufficient development. Weakness as a spiritual and moral quality of a person is called cowardice. It is important to note that weakness of will is considered a negative personality quality, since a person who has every chance to develop willpower and does not do so independently worsens the quality of his life.

A weak-willed person suffers from a lack of stamina, perseverance, determination, independence, as well as from laziness, boredom, idleness, apathy, from the fact that he is easily controlled by other people, succumbs to manipulation and various kinds of temptations, but at the same time does nothing to change his character.

Yes, a person can be weak-willed due to the innate characteristics of higher nervous activity (for example, melancholic and sanguine people are more susceptible to weak-willed people), but this does not exclude the possibility of developing the will through self-improvement.

Willpower as the ability to consciously control actions and emotions is developed through systematic training. It is formed like any other habit. You need to pull yourself together and engage in self-education.

Of course, such work cannot be called easy, but by improving the will, a person develops:

• determination,
• determination,
• perseverance,
• courage,
• endurance,
• independence and other strong-willed qualities that promote personal growth.

It’s one thing to fight laziness, which is a lack of hard work or apathy as a protective mechanism of the psyche during nervous overloads and other manifestations of character weakness; it’s another thing when there is no will due to an existing or developing pathology.

Abulia: concept, types, symptoms

Abulia or lack of will is a psychopathological syndrome and a state of pathological lack of will, when a person is not able to perform the necessary actions, although he is aware of such a need. People who suffer from abulia describe the condition as an inability to move from desire to action due to a lack of internal energy.

Abulia manifests itself as general lethargy combined with a lack of initiative and motivation to act.

• Difficulty in starting and continuing purposeful movements;
• inability to make decisions;
• decreased social contacts;
• passivity and decreased interest even in leisure, games, and entertainment;
• paucity of gestures and speech;
• decreased or absent emotional reactions;
• unexplained sudden body movements;
• long pauses before answering a question;
• uncleanliness and inattention to one’s own appearance;
• loss of appetite.

Abulia is a condition in terms of loss of motivation that is between apathy and akinetic mutism (a disease in which a person does not speak or move, although he is physically capable of this).

Depending on the causes, abulia can be a short-term phenomenon, periodically recurring, or a permanent condition. Abulia occurs in children, adults and the elderly.

• congenital, observed with profound degrees of mental retardation;
• acquired as a result of depression, psychosis, schizophrenia, dementia, after a stroke, neuroinfections, traumatic brain injuries, as well as other mental and neurological disorders.

Scientists agree that the development of abulia is caused either by damage to certain areas of the brain (mainly the frontal lobe) or by insufficient blood supply. In addition, abulia can be caused by alcoholism and drug addiction.

The disease can also arise for a purely psychological reason: a person feels useless and forgotten by everyone, and therefore loses all interest in life. In this case, the patient is helped by regaining responsibility for his own life and realizing the need and importance for the environment. In all other cases, a more thorough diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment will be required.

Diagnosis and treatment of abulia

Abulia is not easy to treat, especially in children. It is not immediately possible to guess that the child is too passive, not because he is slow or lazy, but because he suffers from abulia.

For example, abulia manifests itself in the fact that a person has a decreased appetite and chews food for a very long time without swallowing. Such behavior can be regarded by the environment in any way and it is difficult to discern in it signs of problems with volitional regulation of behavior.

Diagnosis of the disease involves computer and magnetic resonance imaging and clinical observations of the patient.

Abulia is treated with medication and psychotherapy. In addition to the help of psychiatrists and psychotherapists, psychological support from the patient’s loved ones is important.

You can help an adult with abulia with the following actions, which should not be too intrusive:

• providing attention, showing participation and care;
• involvement in easy and enjoyable activities: hobbies, events, etc.;
• involvement in light work with an emphasis on the indispensability of the patient’s help in this matter;
• trips to new places and nature;
• communication with animals.

In relation to children, it is better not to take any additional actions so as not to harm, but simply continue to lovingly care for the child.

It is important not to express pity towards the person suffering from abulia, to behave in such a way that he does not perceive the disease as a way to attract attention and love.

The speed of recovery depends on what caused and what disease accompanies abulia, but it should be remembered that, first of all, recovery depends on the patient’s self-confidence and his confidence in getting rid of the disease.

10 Signs of Emotional Disorder

A large number of people do not even notice that they are emotionally unhealthy. Some forms of behavior that people have developed over the years seem quite normal in our time. It is common for a person to turn a blind eye to what is happening in his soul or in the whole body.

Below are ten common signs of emotional distress.

Diffidence

Frequent thoughts “I won’t succeed”, “I’m not capable” lead to mental failure, and therefore to illness. You must always believe in yourself and what you are doing.

Inability to make decisions

It is common to say about such people that they “go with the flow.” After all, they are afraid to make a decision out of fear that they will regret it, and what if they should have done it differently. Uncertainty in one's judgment leads to frustration and difficulty living life to the fullest.

Feeling of lynching

You are easily irritated by those who have different political or religious views and humiliate and insult them. You are also convinced that people who disagree with your opinion should be punished.

If feelings are easily hurt

Sometimes it happens that while watching a heartfelt film, you can burst into tears. But this has nothing to do with emotional distress. But if tears begin to flow for no reason, there is reason to worry. Most likely, this is caused by grievances from the past and now interferes with living in the present. It is worth leaving all the burden and learning to react adequately to certain situations.

Inability to set boundaries

As children, everyone was taught not to offend other people so as not to hurt their feelings. But, unfortunately, in practice, some take these words literally and become whipping boys throughout their lives. You cannot allow other people (husband, children, boss, etc.) to manipulate you in this way and force you to do more work, see less of your friends, and so on. Learning to set boundaries is difficult, but it can help you maintain your physical health longer.

Lack of empathy for others

Reluctance to put yourself in someone else's place always creates problems in the family and in life in general. For example, if your son has problems at school, you feel anger, and not the desire to understand and figure out what caused these problems.

Only your own point of view

Emotional illness can manifest itself in the absolute perception of only one’s own opinion and at the same time complete disrespect for those who have a different point of view or do not have one at all.

Eternal discontent

Eternal dissatisfaction is expressed in constant thoughts about people or things that annoy you or have done wrong to you. Then revenge becomes the main theme in life, thoughts appear about how to take revenge or harm the offender. It is worth remembering that chronic anger increases blood pressure, interferes with normal blood flow, irritates the stomach and leads to illness.

State of regret

The state of regret is a person’s tendency to constantly think and worry about the past, what was said or done wrong, mentally returning to those moments that were painful. All this is detrimental to both emotional and physical health. It's better to think about how to handle similar situations in the future.

Constant worry

Finally, another major symptom of emotional distress is constant worrying. It is characterized by a state of prolonged anxiety and sleep disturbance. Interferes with adequate functioning at work, school, or home. We must remember that anxiety undermines health.

Abulia – laziness or pathology?

Abulia is presented as a pathological psychotic state, which is characterized by spinelessness and lack of will, lack of aspiration and desire for activity, inability to make volitional decisions and perform actions.

If there is immobility, it is customary to talk about abulic-akinetic syndrome.

With abulia, differentiation from weakness of will is important, which can be eliminated through education, self-education and training.

The key manifestation is the lack of volitional motivation to act, which can be characteristic of any age category.

Causes

1. Schizophrenia provokes a depressive state and, accordingly, abulia.
2. There is also a congenital form, which is considered the main component of apathetic mental retardation and severe mental retardation.
3. A temporary form may accompany melancholic, psychogenic or catatonic stupor.
4. Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain due to stroke, head injuries.
5. The frontal lobes are responsible for performing social activities, speaking and moving. Accordingly, if there are violations in these areas, these processes will be complicated.
6. Heredity or infectious diseases also provoke apathetic-abulic syndrome.
7. Stress is the key cause of this pathology, according to most doctors.
8. Senile and age-related abulia is provoked by psychological problems. An elderly person, for example, may feel useless and lack of attention. To get rid of the pathology, loved ones must show attention and make the patient feel responsible. It is necessary to achieve the emergence of a desire for activity and a volitional stimulus.
9. Alcoholism or drug addiction often become provoking factors. Abulia in such a situation is perceived as the main indicator of latent drunkenness.
10. Abulia leads to a person’s loss of a sense of self as an individual, and the cause can often be suppression of the child’s will or excessive parental care.
11. An ongoing series of failures provokes the appearance of complexes and a feeling of inferiority.

The patient may say that he has a desire to perform an action, but lack of internal energy does not allow him to realize it.

Symptoms

When the desire to compare a person’s behavior before and after creeps into the thoughts of loved ones, it’s worth talking about the problem.

It is important to consider the following clinical signs.

1. Loss of interest in entertainment, companionship and favorite activities is considered the main symptom. Old hobbies are abandoned, but new ones do not come to replace them. You can initially detect that something is wrong when a person has free time and during this period he is simply inactive. Work or study is not accompanied by even a hint of enthusiasm; everything happens by inertia. Gradually, the patient moves study or work to the background, he is increasingly at home or wanders aimlessly nearby.
2. Emotionally, such a syndrome is characterized by their complete absence - loss of the ability to sympathize or rejoice, complete indifference, hostility. Those closest to you are the easiest to notice changes.
3. Social adaptation is characterized by complete aloofness and isolation - minimal communication with others, complete ignoring of questions or giving monosyllabic answers.
4. In terms of motor skills, the following signs are characteristic:
   • abrupt laugh or cough;
   • rubbing hands;
   • rocking or tapping your foot;
   • careful examination of your own brushes.
5. Physiological signs:
   • the absence of a vegetative reaction is represented by a shine in the eyes, pallor or redness;
   • the patient’s voice is deprived of any emotion, he becomes indifferent to any events;
   • there are no facial reactions, be it fun, anxiety, sadness, antipathy or sympathy.
6. Psychological signs are characterized by affective actions - loss of a sense of shame, inability to clearly express one’s thoughts, the use of primitive formulations, monosyllabic answers, failures in presentation, unreasonable cruelty towards strangers or close people, failure to maintain personal hygiene, and interest in things that are unpleasant for a normal person.

Diagnostics

As the most effective methods, it is customary to use MRI diagnostics to determine organic pathologies in the central nervous system, as well as clinical observation of the patient.

In such a situation, competent differential diagnosis is important, since banal laziness should not be ruled out, especially when it comes to treating a child. When a child refuses to put his toys in order at the behest of his parents, you should not immediately suspect a pathology.

The destruction of one's own toy world at the first request from adults is difficult for a child, so one can find a completely logical explanation for such behavior. It’s another matter when a child spends too long reading the same page in a book or even imitates reading. Solving the problem on your own can be problematic, so contacting a specialist is the best solution.

Treatment

In most cases, it cannot be said that the person himself reveals a desire to undergo treatment, but the help of loved ones and family is very important and can fix everything. The key task of the patient's environment is to shake, stir and wake up.

This could be an unexpected holiday, a vacation trip, or the arrival of a new pet. Conditions for the patient must be created such that he does not have the opportunity to remain idle. It is forbidden to perform household duties for him, for example, preparing food, doing laundry, etc. present the situation in such a light that it seems to the patient that you cannot cope without him.

Abulia is no less common in children, and in this case it is better to immediately contact a specialist so as not to cause even more harm through amateur activities.

The most dangerous mistake is to allow a child to suffer and mope, to cherish his own pathological apathy. It is very easy to get used to a compassionate attitude, so over time the baby will take your behavior for granted. Getting rid of an apathetic state is even more difficult if you get used to it.

Abulia may indicate a serious mental disorder, so consultation with a psychotherapist for each case is a mandatory step. Treatment is part of the plan for a general rehabilitation program and relief of symptoms, which indicate the main problem.

The main doctors should be a psychiatrist and a neurologist. Speech therapists, rehabilitation therapists, occupational therapists and physiotherapists may also be involved in the treatment process - it all depends on the nature of the problem. Modern medicine has not yet clearly identified the most effective psychotherapeutic techniques.

In the presence of schizophrenia as the main illness, it is customary to prescribe antipsychotic drugs, and in the presence of depression, antidepressants. Special rehabilitation programs are relevant for patients whose abulia is caused by traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage or stroke.

The purpose of such programs is to provide the necessary stimulation and regain lost skills. There is a category of drugs that can increase dopamine activity in the brain, but no reliable evidence of their effectiveness has yet been found. The prognosis of the main disease directly affects the prognosis of patients with abulia.

It is important to consider the following proven treatment methods.

1. Group psychotherapy is represented by non-verbal methods, which are accompanied by the gradual introduction of the patient into the discussion. Their goal is to restore communication skills and adapt to everyday communication. Individual conversations should be mandatory in order to establish a trusting relationship with the patient as quickly as possible.
2. Family psychotherapy is represented by the assessment of intrafamily relationships and the role played by each family member separately. Relatives need to be informed of the situation and all aspects and manifestations of the pathological condition explained. Any conflicts must be resolved to establish harmonious relationships.
3. Drug therapy involves the use of antipsychotics:
   • penfluridol is taken once a week;
   • piracetam twice a day, 1 capsule;
   • triftazine 2 times a day, 5 mg;
   • frenolone – 10 mg three times a day (maximum dose), twice a day 5 mg (minimum dose).

When the patient realizes responsibility and the fact that someone needs him, new incentives for volitional action are formed, the desire to meet expectations and realize one’s own potential.

The effectiveness of this approach is highest in the case of older people, since it is they who, with age, are increasingly visited by thoughts of loneliness, uselessness and indifference on the part of the family. Be healthy!

Infantilism

Infantilism

What do you think about when you hear the phrase: “he/she is infantile”? Surely, you imagine an emotional person, openly showing his emotions, perhaps looking frivolous, and doing a frivolous thing. But is it? The fact is that in everyday psychology and scientific psychology the concept of “infantility” is somewhat different.

Let's immediately make a reservation that we will not talk about infantilism as immaturity in development, preservation in physical appearance or behavior of traits inherent in previous age stages. We will talk about the figurative sense, as a manifestation of a naive approach in everyday life, in politics, etc., as well as the inability to make well-thought-out decisions in a timely manner, and reluctance to take responsibility.

How does a person’s adult position differ from a child’s (infantile) one?

A child’s position is one of relying on external factors; an adult’s is one of relying, first of all, on oneself. In this sense, children are often more mature than many adults. Maturity is a transition from relying on others to relying on oneself. The goal of psychotherapy is to help ensure that the client does not depend on others.

You can often hear complaints about the infantile behavior of one of the spouses, but when analyzing such cases it often turns out that we are talking about a discrepancy in family scenarios, rather than about infantilism.

Signs of infantility

Egocentrism (not to be confused with egoism).

Self-obsession, inability to feel and understand another person. This is quite normal for children; they cannot perceive the world the same way as adults. Such people are characterized by confidence in their own rightness; other people are needed only to satisfy their own needs. The world should revolve around me! And if there are difficulties in relationships, then it sounds like “they don’t understand me”

Inability to make decisions.

Making decisions requires the development of will, and this is one of the characteristics of an adult. Infantile people cannot mobilize their own strength to implement decisions, despite their own “I don’t want, I’m tired, it’s difficult.”

Refusal to take responsibility for your own life.

The easiest way is not to make decisions at all, shifting this responsibility to someone else. Often such people are surrounded by close people who make decisions for them. This is accompanied by the following phrases: “You need it, you do it,” “We’ll go wherever you want.”

Lack of future prospects.

For children, life seems to be an “endless now”; there is no need to think about the future; their parents think about this. The consequences will be somewhere far away, not now, so you can live beyond your means, satisfying your “want” now, and not thinking about your real possibilities. It is about such people that you hear stories when they took out a large number of loans and are not able to repay them.

Game orientation.

In preschool age, play is the leading activity. However, infantile people, having matured, prefer the game to all types of other activities. Today's civilization can offer a lot of entertainment. Play is necessary in order to avoid a feeling that is terrible for a child and an infantile person - boredom. For such people, gaming takes up not part of their leisure time, but all their leisure time. These are computer games, buying things, endless trips to bars and discos, shopping and shopping. It can be fun to have fun with such people, but there is absolutely nothing to do when there is no holiday.

Dependency.

This is not necessarily living at the expense of another, but an unwillingness and inability to serve oneself. Sometimes the employee responsible at work, coming home, becomes an infantile boy. The arguments may sound different: “this is not a man’s business,” “I make money.”

Inability to reflect

(self-knowledge and self-esteem). Infantile people do not ask existential questions: “Who am I?”, “What do I want?”, “Where am I going?”, “Why do I need this?” Children don't feel age, they don't look back. This is good for children, but bad for adults. Such people are unable to gain experience from their own lives because their lives are presented as a series of events. Over the years, adult people become more interesting and deeper, but infantile people do not change, but even become simpler. Wisdom comes with age, but sometimes years come alone(With)

Why don't people grow up and become mature?

Growing up is very dangerous and risky. Most people would rather live like half-corpses than live riskily and consciously. Many people want to have an “insurance policy” against failure, against unpleasant experiences, and against feelings of insignificance. As soon as awareness becomes unpleasant for us, we immediately stop it.

True separation is a complete transition to an autonomous existence and an adult position.

But many mothers and parents will do everything they can to maintain their control and influence over their children. Such mothers often call me with the question “my child has problems,” but you start asking and it turns out that the “child” is already 20-25, or even 30 years old. The most common unfinished situation, or unfinished gestalt, is the relationship with parents. Until you let go of your parents, you will feel like a child. And it doesn’t matter how old you are, whether you have your own family, or whether you live in your own territory. It is important that you still feel like a girl or a boy in relation to your parents.

Psychological maturation

Are adults really just old men without emotions and spontaneity?

Of course not! Emotional openness, honesty, spontaneity, lightness, the ability to be surprised by this world, impressionability - these are the qualities that can make life richer and brighter. Watch the children, they have a lot to learn! They can easily get to know an unfamiliar peer by simply taking him by the hand and saying “let’s be friends.” Their every day is filled with a lot of emotions and experiences, because they are different from each other, although for adults it seems like “Groundhog Day.”

All children's experiences are real; they practically do not know how to pretend. Some people mistakenly believe that conscious regression is something bad and even pathological; we have been taught that it is shameful. However, consciously retreating into such a position is an opportunity to provide yourself with support and a sense of security.

It's surprising that when I meet people who desperately need pity and support, they flatly refuse to receive it, preferring to deal with their own experiences on their own. The strong can feel sorry for the weak, and to get this, I need to “shrink myself, become vulnerable, trust.” For some people this is inaccessible, because it seems to them that they will cease to be adults forever. One day, a woman who sobbed on my shoulder for 30 minutes finally admitted that no one had pitied her for so long in this life. These words made me sad. Therefore, in your desire to grow or mature, you should not give up all the resources that childhood has. It is only important to be able to use it consciously.

Inability to make decisions illness

Abulia is a psychotic condition characterized by pathological lack of will and spinelessness, lack of desire and urge to activity, inability to perform actions and make volitional decisions.

Abulia is one of the signs of apathy. When combined with apathy, they mean apathetic-abulic syndrome; when immobilized, they speak of abulic-akinetic syndrome. This disease, as a pathological condition, must be differentiated from weakness of will, which can be eliminated through training, self-education and education.

The disease manifests itself in the absence of volitional motivation for activity. This condition spares neither the young nor the elderly.

Abulia reasons

The cause of abulia is a consequence of frontal brain damage, however, it is not damage to the cerebellum or brain stem. The presence of brain injuries or stroke can also provoke the disease and cause diffuse damage to the right hemisphere.

Abulia and other causes of its occurrence: heredity, infectious diseases, traumatic brain injuries that affect the central nervous system and provoke the occurrence of meningitis and encephalitis. However, most doctors attribute stress to the provoking factors of abulia. Sometimes the cause may be mental retardation or circular psychosis. Rarely, the disease is observed in borderline conditions: psychoneurosis, hysteria, psychasthenia.

Abulia symptoms

The first sign is inattention to one’s personality, in particular to appearance. A person stops taking care of himself, washing, shaving, and changing his underwear.

The disease is characterized by the following symptoms: unexplained sudden movements, passivity; a long period of answering a question; difficulty with purposeful movements, loss of interest in simple games in children, reduction in social interactions, loss of appetite.

Abulia is characterized by general lethargy, as well as a violation of the volitional impulse and a lack of desire that encourages any activity. Simply put, it is the inability to make decisions. Sometimes the patient has a desire to act, but he cannot move from desire to action and he does not have enough internal energy for implementation. Some researchers attributed the disease to one of the symptoms of schizophrenia, others defined this phenomenon as the inability to make a choice between impulses.

Psychology clearly distinguishes this condition from weakness of will, attributing the latter to character traits caused by improper upbringing and can be eliminated by training, self-education, and external influences from society and family.

Abulia diagnosis

The condition of abulia can be overwhelming or mild. Often this condition refers to disorders of volitional regulation of behavior. Diagnosing the disease is not so easy, since it occupies an intermediate position between other disorders. The best diagnostic method is clinical observation of the patient. The location of the lesion is effectively detected by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computed tomography).

It is very difficult to differentiate the disease from laziness. This is especially difficult to identify among children. Children often do not want to comply with their parents' requests. For example, putting away toys exactly when adults wish. Children, creating their own toy world, do not want to destroy it at the first request. This example is not abulia. Adults should be wary of children's simulation, for example, manifested in reading one book page for a long time. In this case, you need to consult a doctor, since you cannot figure this situation out on your own.

Abulia treatment

Abulia and how to deal with it – these questions often arise in people’s minds. Treatment of the disease in older people requires a lot of attention from relatives. Middle age needs to be involved in various activities and hobbies.

Treatment of abulia in children is carried out only by specialists, so as not to harm the children. The mistake of relatives of patients is often that they themselves allow him to mope, suffer and cherish his abulia. A person suffering from abulia very quickly gets used to such a pitiful attitude and takes it for granted. Once drawn into such a state, it is then very difficult for the patient to get rid of it.

Treatment of abulia includes the sympathy of the immediate environment, which consists in disinhibiting the patient. A trip to an interesting place, a noisy banquet, a trip to nature, or communication with animals are suitable for these purposes. Involve the patient in work, give him simple instructions, referring to the fact that you cannot do without him. If the condition has not yet protracted, then it is possible to cope on your own, whereas with prolonged abulia, depression or hypochondria is diagnosed.

If the course is prolonged, you cannot do without drug therapy and an experienced specialist (psychotherapist, psychiatrist). Psychotherapeutic or psychiatric methods, as well as a psychoanalytic course, have a good effect on improving the condition.

Psychiatry distinguishes age-related and senile abulia. Often it is caused by purely psychological reasons. For example, an elderly person feels that they have forgotten about him and no one needs him. Abulia is often the result of drug addiction and alcoholism. Most doctors consider this condition to be the main indicator of latent, that is, secret, drunkenness. Communication and the patient’s awareness that someone needs him help cope with age-related abulia. When the patient feels responsibility and understands that he is needed, he has a strong-willed incentive and desire to act.

Learning disabilities are caused by defects in the nervous system that impair the ability to perceive, process, and reproduce information, thereby weakening a child's ability to learn.

This creates a gap between a person's potential abilities and his actual capabilities. Learning disabilities often run in families, allowing for hereditary components to be involved. Researchers acknowledge that a genetic predisposition is characteristic of some forms of legasthenia, or dyslexia.

There are various forms of learning disabilities. They may be related to vision, hearing or speech; impair motor ability or the ability to communicate and think logically. But they should not be confused with learning difficulties due to mental retardation, weakness, blindness or behavioral disorders.

Common types of learning disabilities:

Apraxia (dyspraxia)- violation of purposeful action, i.e. inability to give an appropriate motor response.

: impairment of the ability to write - both technically and in the sense of expressing thoughts, as well as difficulties in pronunciation.

(legasthenia): Difficulty using speech for various purposes (not just reading).

Dissemia: difficulties in recognizing signals, for example, signs that determine correct behavior.

Defects of auditory perception: difficulties in recognizing sounds and their sequence.

Visual perception defects: Difficulties in visual perception and object recognition.

Attention deficit (hyperactivity): accompanies learning disabilities in children in approximately 20% of cases; characterized by overactivity, pathologically increased distractibility and impulsiveness, and inability to concentrate.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary greatly depending on the type of learning disability: inability to read, comprehend what is read, retain information, or express ideas in conversation or writing. Such children may have difficulty hearing, are unable to concentrate, and do not benefit from personal experiences. Therefore, they often act impulsively, without thinking about the consequences, without assessing the situation.

Early diagnosis is the first step in helping a child

Early diagnosis of learning disabilities is very important as children undoubtedly suffer from feelings of despair, hopelessness, shame, anger, and low self-esteem. They are often called lazy, hooligans, hoarders. They fail in school, which makes the situation even worse. Among the ills that undiagnosed learning disabilities bring are general degradation, difficulties in relationships with people, juvenile delinquency, alcoholism and drug addiction, and illiteracy.

Correctly diagnosing the type of learning disability is the first step in helping your child. The diagnosis evaluates the child's mental state, determines intellectual development, education, language, attention, behavior, understanding, motivation, ability to solve problems and social skills. The child’s hearing and vision are examined, the type and severity of the phenomenon, as well as the child’s strengths are determined.

After the diagnosis is made, an individual education program is developed, which defines the specific type of education. The therapy courses necessary for the child, as well as the services that can provide this. Special educational methods include the use of speech exercises, calculators, computers, etc., up to individual instructions for the program. Children with learning disabilities have difficulty learning in standard curriculums, even though they often have above-average intelligence. For them, when learning, teaching methods should be used that bypass their weaknesses and develop their strengths. Appropriate special education during school years helps the child understand how to compensate for his deficiency and thereby overcome it. Among such children there are often extraordinary individuals who can give a lot to their families and society. Therefore, it is important to make the correct diagnosis as early as possible and make joint efforts of the family and specialists to help the child in a timely manner.

We can also talk about mosaic psychosis. The term is more literary than medical, but it is sometimes customary to call complex sets of symptoms. There is nothing like that in class V of ICD-10, and making a diagnosis with the term “mosaic” simply would not indicate anything specific. However, the complex of psychoses can still be called mosaic. A tribute to tradition, so to speak.

Parallel diagnoses and Lukashenko syndrome

In general, diagnoses of a type parallel to reality are not uncommon in psychiatry. Usually there are clearly outdated terms, a cunning combination of words from different definitions, or the attachment of additional words to the main concept. Sometimes terms appear from the titles of books by quite respectable or simply interesting authors. For example, “information psychosis” is from the title of G.P. Krokhalev’s book, and “mosaic psychopathy” is some kind of not entirely necessary name, which at the beginning of the 21st century gained popularity at the suggestion of psychiatrist Dmitry Shchigelsky. He and some other doctors found this disorder in the President of the Republic of Belarus. As a result, the fundamental work “The Case History of Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko” was published. It also contains a diagnosis: “moderately expressed mosaic psychopathy with a predominance of features of paranoid and dissocial personality disorders.”

“Mosaic psychopathy” is usually understood as a combination of signs of multiple syndromes. Together they represent dissocial personality disorder F60.2, which can be expressed in a variety of ways. Eric Berne distinguished two types - active and latent. The first type is aggressive and can restrain itself only in the presence of authority. Such people:

• deliberately avoid work;
• capable of criminal acts;
• deliberately create problems on the roads;
• prone to crime.

The second one is softer and bases his behavior on his own, most often stupid, interpretation of what is right and what is not. What is most touching about Shchigelsky’s diagnosis is the use of the term “paranoid” in combination with personality disorder.

The category of specific disorders includes F60.0 paranoid (paranoid) personality disorder, which in essence differs little from dissocial. Such people are suspicious, vindictive, vengeful, prone to frustration, and a tendency to acutely experience their importance.

There was no need to make a mix, but apparently Shchigelsky wanted to cram more bad words into his definition of Lukashenko’s condition. If there had been a diagnosis of “Abomination and disgusting personality of an aggressive type,” he would have used it. In combination with mosaic psychosis it turned out especially impressive.

The magic of terms and reality

But it still has something to do with psychiatry. True, personality disorders are not mental disorders in full, but simply an identification of the type of thinking and behavior, the psychological constitution of a person, and often do not require any treatment. The magic of words is that in one phrase something with a hint of mosaic and words about paranoia are combined. The latter is associated in people’s minds exclusively with schizophrenia. These are the terms that give rise to diagnoses on the other side of the justified ones, and then people look for symptoms of mosaic schizophrenia.

All types of pathogenesis, which are characterized by a paucity of symptoms, are highlighted separately. There is a special code F21.5 “Symptom-poor” schizophrenia. Only this is not schizophrenia, but schizotypal disorder. The essence of making a diagnosis, which is related to block F20, is precisely that you need to find several criteria. Each of them is characterized by its own symptoms and an individual set of symptoms is obtained. If it is schizophrenia, then it is always rich in symptoms, they always fit into a mosaic and there is no particular need to note this.

Greater confusion is caused by attempts to track signs of pranoidism in the symptom complex without making a diagnosis of “schizophrenia”. It’s hard to say how and who imagines all this, but in practice it might look like this... A man comes home. First of all, he insults his wife. Then he sits down to dinner and always leaves some of the food to declare that the food is disgusting. He hits the table with his fist. The son is hiding because dad is about to start checking the diary. While checking, he thinks about whether this is the same diary. In the present there are probably only deuces, but he slips this one in as a distraction. And so all the time. It is impossible to work with such people, life is difficult. Paranoidity is present in the form of some traits and nothing more. They are not just distrustful, but it takes on bizarre pathological features. Not just embittered, but even to the point of developing the characteristics of an embittered personality.

This includes many syndromes - fanatical disorder, sensitive-paranoid, querulant and a number of others, but schizophrenia, delusional disorder and paranoia are clearly excluded. So what remains of paranoia is the very structure of thinking and behavior.

Mosaic psychopathy

With a specific personality disorder, it is sometimes difficult to make a residual diagnosis, since signs may be identified that are considered incompatible by science. In this case, we mean mosaic psychopathy, characterized by the presence of a combination of several disorders in one patient. With this disease, the patient does not have signs related to a certain type of psychopathy. The symptoms are unstable, changeable, but, nevertheless, they are obvious. It is difficult for such a person to get accustomed to society, but it is also not easy for those around him, because it is difficult to adapt to such a person.

There are different combinations of disorders. If there are hysterical traits, supplemented by explosive ones, then the ground arises for the development of drives, addictions, and disorders. A combination such as psychoasthenia accompanied by schizoid disorder is often observed. What is typical here is the emergence of extremely valuable ideas in a person, which the patient tries to implement in any way. He has a certain plan, and such an initiator extols his own personality with this plan, while claiming that he is a kind of “messiah”, destined by higher powers to carry out this brilliant plan.

Symptoms of mosaic psychopathy

If there is a combination of increased temperament with paranoid disorder, it can be assumed that the person suffers from mosaic psychopathy. Typical representatives of patients in this category can be considered “irreconcilable “fighters” for their interests, who constantly complain to someone and about something. They are not satisfied with the work of housing and communal services, the behavior of their neighbors, the attitude of their superiors, and so on. Such people file applications to the courts at the slightest reason and persistently pursue appeals if their claims are rejected. Doctors consider a rather serious combination to be a condition where there is a combination of psychopathy that is the complete opposite of each other. This is hysterical, excitable, schizoid and asthenic. With this combination, a person begins to develop schizophrenia.

Mosaic psychopathy is considered a complex personality disorder. It manifests itself in many signs characteristic of several types of psychopathy. This condition causes difficulty in a person’s social adaptation. Mixed personality disorder does not have an underlying psychopathological syndrome; it is difficult to define due to the lack of persistence of symptoms. Completely different manifestations predominate in different periods. Such diversity of symptoms inherent in mosaic psychopathy creates an incredible amount of adaptation difficulties for the patient.

Treatment of psychopathy

Psychopathy, including mosaic, in some cases is treated with medications. This is necessary if there is a sharp expression of pathological character traits, and in everyday life the patient experiences many problems. The environment of such a person also suffers to a large extent. The doctor prescribes medications depending on the patient's condition. If a person shows aggression and is prone to antisocial behavior, he will need antipsychotics in combination with sedatives. If a person is subject to significant mood swings, the doctor will prescribe a course of treatment with anticonvulsants.

In such cases, it is important to know that when using psychotropic drugs it is prohibited to consume alcohol and drugs. This combination is extremely dangerous and can even be fatal.

Psychopathy is a congenital or acquired personality trait in early childhood, manifested in general disharmony and instability of mental processes.

Agitation

This emotional arousal is quite strong, and agitation is accompanied by anxiety, fear, and turns into speech and motor.

Signs of psychopathy in men

Psychopathy has differences that prevent it from being confused with mental illness. Most likely it is antisocial personality disorder that creates.

Hysterical psychopathy

In clinical practice, hysterical psychopathy is diagnosed quite often, since this pathology is quite common in our time. IN.

Schizoid psychopathy

Schizoid psychopathy is characterized by the manifestation of certain symptoms. Psychopathic personalities of the schizoid type are characterized by secrecy, pathological isolation, autism, and a certain isolation.

Signs of psychopathy

Psychopathy is a condition that is qualitatively different from mental illness. Psychopathy can also be called antisocial personality disorder, an innate character abnormality.

Sexual psychopathy

The definition of sexual psychopathy refers to impulsive forms of pathological development, of which there are many. This term began to be used relatively recently. Experts note.

Psychopathy (personality disorders)

Psychopathy (personality disorders) Types of psychopathy Dynamics and treatment of psychopathy Personality disorders, or psychopathy, are persistent, developing in childhood and.

Types of psychopathy

Psychopathy (personality disorders) Types of psychopathy Dynamics and treatment of psychopathy Psychopathy is classified as borderline mental disorders, they occupy a position between.

Dynamics and treatment of psychopathy

Psychopathy (personality disorders) Types of psychopathy Dynamics and treatment of psychopathy DYNAMICS OF PSYCHOPATHY According to P.B. Gannushkin, psychopathy needs to be studied not only.

Mosaic psychopathy

Mosaic psychopathy is a complex personality disorder that combines many signs of mental pathologies. With this disease, the patient experiences severe difficulties in social adaptation. Due to the large number of symptoms, the disease is very difficult to diagnose. Mixed and diverse symptoms can worsen and subside over time. If the patient has character traits such as hysteria and hot temper, then mosaic psychopathy can give rise to a craving for drugs, gambling and alcohol in a person. In more severe cases, the disease becomes the cause of unreasonable outbursts of rage and manic sexual addictions.

Symptoms of mosaic psychopathy

Signs of this disease can be seen in historical figures, especially dictators. Mosaic psychopathy can be seen in Stalin, Hitler, Lenin and Ivan the Terrible. The disease can be asymptomatic for a long time. Its severity depends on the form of the pathology. The main symptoms of mosaic psychopathy are:

• tendency to manipulate;
• belief in “conspiracy theory”;
• presence of a “highly valuable idea”;
• heightened self-esteem;
• inability to sympathize.

Despite the fact that it is extremely difficult for a person with this disease to adapt to society, he is able to realize his career as effectively as possible. Having a highly valuable idea or “mission” allows him to fully concentrate on his work. Other symptoms are:

• hot temper;
• lack of fear;
• egocentrism;
• aggressiveness.

Methods of achieving the goal, depending on the severity of the pathology, may be unethical and even illegal. Psychasthenia with schizoid disorder makes the patient consider himself a messiah or prophet. The patient also experiences unreasonable attacks of rage and euphoria.

Causes of the disease

As a rule, mosaic psychopathy develops against the background of existing personality disorders. This disease cannot be congenital. It appears due to various provoking factors and psychological trauma. Some brain pathologies can affect the patient’s already formed personality. The most common organic causes are:

• cranial grass;
• epilepsy;
• neuroinfection;
• drug addiction;
• alcoholism.

The disease can develop due to personal tragedies and severe emotional turmoil. But pathology also arises due to intrapersonal conflicts. Destructive feelings appear due to a lack of motivation in life and self-hypnosis. The last factor is one of the most common. With the help of an instilled “overvalued idea,” a person finds false explanations for his personal failures. Other causes of psychopathy are:

• depression;
• consequences of sexual violence;
• frequent stress;
• financial insolvency;
• failures in intimate life.

There can be many psychological reasons for the appearance of pathology. If the disease is formed in combination with organic factors, it will be easier for the doctor to diagnose the disease. Psychological factors are much more difficult to identify, since the clinical picture is constantly changing. To prevent the disease from developing to a complicated stage, you need to consult a specialist in a timely manner.

Which doctor should I go to?

Psychiatry deals with the treatment and diagnosis of mental pathologies. It is noted that it is almost impossible to identify such a complex disease as mosaic psychopathy the first time. This is explained by the fact that the symptoms of the disorder do not relate to one specific type, but to several at once. If you suspect you have signs of psychopathy, you need to contact:

The appointment will begin with a confidential conversation with the patient. Strong contact between the doctor and the patient is a guarantee of the objectivity of the examination. It is important for a specialist to establish possible organic causes of the disease. The psychiatrist will ask whether the patient has suffered a traumatic brain injury and whether there have been cases of infection with neuroinfectious pathologies. The doctor will also clarify:

1. Do you experience depression?
2. What's annoying you lately?
3. How do you behave in stressful situations?
4. Are there problems in the family?
5. How do you communicate with colleagues and neighbors?
6. How do you feel about your condition?

During the conversation, the doctor will monitor the patient’s facial expressions, intonation and reaction. This will allow him to determine the patient’s level of adaptation in society. The psychiatrist will ask the patient to expose sensitive areas of the body. With mental disorders, patients can inflict injuries on themselves (cuts, burns, hematomas, injection marks). Next, the psychiatrist will conduct a series of psychopathic tests. To clarify the results, the patient may be referred for electroencephalography and skull radiography.

Treatment of mosaic psychopathy

In general, the disease does not require therapy. Only those patients who experience an exacerbation of mental disorder, namely the appearance of delusional ideas, obsessions and a depressive state, need drug treatment. When layering mosaic psychopathy, therapy is necessary. In this case, the patient will be prescribed:

• neuroleptics;
• tranquilizers;
• mood stabilizers;

Treatment will be aimed at reducing the acute condition. The drugs are selected individually for each patient. For particularly severe excitability, tranquilizers are usually prescribed. While taking medication, the patient is strictly contraindicated to take alcohol and drugs. If the disease is mild, the psychiatrist will only prescribe:

• antidepressants;
• vitamins;
• auto-trainings.

Taking medications will not work without regularly visiting a psychiatrist. Dialogue and psychoanalysis are the main method of treating mental pathologies. Talking in a group can also help. For the entire period of treatment, the patient will be given a certificate of incapacity for work.

How dangerous is the disease?

Mosaic psychopathy can be combined with hysterical, paranoid, schizoid, excitable and asthenic personality disorder. Each form has its own characteristic symptoms. Some mental disorders go unnoticed, while others create a danger to society. The following character traits are identified, which, in combination with any type of psychopathy, can make a maniac, rapist or murderer:

• emotional dullness;
• rapid excitability;
• epileptoidism.

As a rule, patients do not go to the doctor on their own because they do not consider themselves sick. For example, proactive and hot-tempered people suffering from the initial stages of paranoid schizophrenia are confident that the whole society is treating them unfairly. Patients with litigious-queerulant behavior experience an irresistible thirst to constantly write complaints and statements. Regardless of the type of psychopathy, the illness can develop into schizophrenia. Therefore, treatment for this disease should be started as quickly as possible. Otherwise, the patient risks losing his mind.

Statistics show that in the United States, sleep disorders (insomnia) are diagnosed in no less than...

Lethargy is considered a symptom that is characterized by a lack of vigor, mobility, and r.

If a person suffers as a result of even minor physical, intellectual or emotional problems.

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Mosaic psychopath, genius or killer?

Mosaic psychopathy is characterized by the presence of signs that in medicine should not be combined with each other, but despite this, they are present in the medical history. The clinical picture seems to consist of different psychopathic traits, which are pieces of a mosaic, which is where the name of the disease comes from; this pathology is also called complex, polymorphic or complex psychopathy.

How does the disease manifest itself?

Various psychopathic traits can be combined with mosaic disorders. For example, a combination of hysterical and asthenic, schizoid and cycloid traits; sometimes a combination of symptoms of not two, but even three different psychopathy can be observed.

Schizophrenia with a mixed personality disorder in the presence of such traits as hysteria, unstable psyche and disturbances in the field of desire can lead a person to alcohol, gaming or drug addiction. Often such people lead an asocial lifestyle; they have great passion and an unquenchable thirst for pleasure, which can lead to violations of law and order and criminal liability.

Psychasthenic and schizoid disorders often lead to the emergence of overvalued ideas. Patients are completely absorbed in bringing their, in their opinion, very important and valuable ideas to life. Of course, they are delusional and have no value for society. But any criticism of patients and their conclusions is perceived aggressively, which ultimately leads to detachment from society.

Mosaic psychopathy can manifest itself in litigious-queerulant behavior. This happens if there are signs of paranoid schizophrenia together with excessive initiative and temperament. This behavior manifests itself in the constant need to write all kinds of complaints and slander. Such people believe that their interests have been infringed and are constantly trying to prove the opposite through court statements and petitions.

The most difficult variant of the course of the disease in terms of society is a combination of any type of psychopathy with emotional dullness, excitability and epileptoidism. In such combinations, aggressive features come to the fore. Such people are heartless, cruel, have no moral standards, are aggressive and conflictual towards society. Among such patients, the most common are maniacs, murderers and rapists.

Based on a similar picture, the Italian psychiatrist S. Lobroso introduced the term “inborn criminal.” Regarding his theory, a special type of degradation, which originates at the biological level, leads to criminal actions, despite the environment in which such a person was brought up. Such a theory has not been fully recognized, since crime cannot be considered only from the biological side, but the fact that emotional degradation is the first step to crime is a fact.

Hysterical psychopathy in combination with asthenic or excitable psychopathy can lead to the development of one of the forms of schizophrenia.

An option may occur when the symptoms of congenital mosaic schizophrenia are layered with an organic personality disorder, the latter being acquired. Such situations are possible with damage to brain structures. For example, when additional head injuries, epilepsy or drug and alcohol addiction occur against the background of schizophrenia.

Other signs of pathology may also appear; they are extensive and sometimes completely incompatible with each other. For example, the following symptoms may occur:

• attacks of anger or euphoria, for no apparent reason;
• emotional instability;
• inability to concentrate and perform purposeful action;
• speech is fluent, but not essentially, often filled with crazy ideas, etc.

The course and dynamics of mosaic psychopathy

A psychopathic reaction can occur for a number of different reasons, for example, as a result of suffering some serious illness or severe stress. Such an attack occurs suddenly, in response to a situation that is painful for the patient, while a healthy person would not even pay attention to what is happening. The response of a psychopath is incommensurate with the strength of the stimulus. In response to an insignificant statement from an opponent, aggression, rage, anger, and even assault with the destruction of objects around may follow.

The more often traumatic events occur, the stronger the decompensation. As a result, even a minor psycho-traumatic fact leads to the manifestation of a seizure. Even after the conflict situation ends, the psychopathic reaction can remain for a long time.

Conflict with society, the development of drug and alcohol addiction, and complete antisociality are a common outcome of the disease.

In addition to all this, mosaic psychopaths often have a sexual disorder; they suffer from abnormal, often perverted attraction. As a result, they become pedophiles, homosexuals, masochists and sadists.

Is the pathology treatable?

Treatment for cases of mosaic psychopathy is controversial. If the pathology is weakly expressed and does not manifest itself in the form of systematic psychopathic reactions, treatment as such is not prescribed; only check marks from a psychiatrist are sufficient. If the disease has obvious features and a clinical picture, drug therapy cannot be avoided.

The choice of drugs depends on the patient's symptoms. If aggressiveness and antisocial behavior predominate, the basis of treatment will be antipsychotic drugs, as well as sedatives. In cases where mood swings are severe, anticonvulsant medications will be relevant. For depressive and depressed conditions, antidepressants are prescribed. Additionally, different groups of vitamins and psychotherapy are used.

Note! When taking any psychotropic drugs, it is strictly prohibited to consume alcohol and drugs. Their combination is dangerous and can cause unexpected side effects, including death.

Genius and madness

There has long been an opinion about the relationship between talent and madness, and this fact has been repeatedly confirmed. Quite a large list of brilliant people suffered from schizophrenia and at the same time created masterpieces in their fields. Most of the geniuses of past eras had undeniable signs of schizophrenia, although during their lifetime, for obvious reasons, no clear diagnoses were established for them. But after a large number of years, observations by psychiatrists and analysis of historical facts about the lives of famous people of that time made it possible to determine the presence of schizophrenia.

Famous mentally ill individuals include:

• Russian prose writer Mikhail Bulgakov;
• Dutch painter Van Gogh Vincent, he spent the rest of his life in a hospital for the mentally ill;
• Spanish architect Gaudi Antonio;
• the famous Russian writer Nikolai Gogol, his works were based on visual and auditory hallucinations, he also suffered from hypochondria;
• Austrian writer Kafka Franz;
• German philosopher Nietzsche, in his works an idealistic attitude towards oneself in relation to the rest of the world is clearly visible;
• the French writer Jean Jacques Rousseau suffered from persecution delusions;
• German physicist Albert Einstein suffered from a manic form of schizophrenia with frequent depressive states.

Among famous modern figures, according to Belarusian psychiatrist Dmitry Shchigelsky, the President of the Republic of Belarus is a mosaic psychopath. Of course, the doctor decided to speak out loud about this conclusion only after leaving for the USA.

It is important to note that according to medical ethics, the public disclosure of medical reports is prohibited, with the exception of people engaged in public activities, which is a kind of payment for publicity. Thus, a council of doctors who conducted a correspondence analysis of the president’s behavior made a diagnosis: “moderately expressed mosaic psychopathy with a predominance of features of paranoid and dissocial personality disorders.”

Among the main signs of Lukashenko’s mosaic psychopathic state, Shchigelsky identified:

• excessive tendency to manipulate;
• suspicion and tendency to overvalued ideas;
• low threshold for aggressive behavior;
• sadistic tendencies;
• disregard for social norms;
• lack of close friends, etc.

Incredible Facts About Schizophrenia

Some numbers will definitely surprise you:

• all over the world, 1% of the population suffers from schizophrenia, which means out of a thousand people, one is definitely sick with this pathology;
• among all artists and politicians, 9% have symptoms of schizophrenia;
• 30% of composers experience auditory hallucinations;
• 25% of poets and 30% of artists suffer from hallucinosis;
• 5% of famous personalities of today have attempted suicide.

Genius and signs of schizophrenia, where is the line?

There are a number of signs that may indicate a psychopathic state and even schizophrenia. You should consult a specialist if the following manifestations occur:

• there are moments when voices are heard;
• visits a state of stupor, inaction and detachment from what is happening around;
• it seems that you are given the ability to read other people’s thoughts;
• ideas arise that fill all temporary spaces in thoughts about them;
• there are visions, they can be a sign of hallucinations;
• lack of meaning in life, frequent depression;
• hatred and anger towards society, detachment from people;
• absorption by one's own experiences.

Characteristics of a mosaic psychopath

The main distinguishing feature of a psychopath is the absence of such feelings as sympathy, and, accordingly, the feeling of guilt. This is the main reason why mentally ill people commit atrocities. There is a certain characteristic that allows you to create a description of a psychopath:

• misunderstanding of the feeling of fear. For a healthy person, it is not difficult to see fear in a person by facial expressions and gestures. The main minimal manifestations of fear are considered to be: dilation of the pupils, opening of the mouth and raising of the eyebrows; everything else is felt intuitively. So, a psychopath, seeing such facial expressions, is simply unable to recognize fear in a person. The amygdala is responsible for this perception. In a sick person, its shell is much thinner and its volume is smaller than in a healthy person, as a result of which there is no understanding of fear. At the same time, the psychopath is able to distinguish and feel all other feelings, but not fear;
• an irresistible desire to manipulate other people. The desire to kill and manipulate arises in this group of patients as a result of excessive production of dopamine. This substance is produced in the brain and is responsible for the pleasure center. Psychopaths become “dopamine addicts”, the thirst for releasing a new dose of the substance into the brain and receiving satisfaction, thus provokes them to commit murder, violence or aggression;
• "button" of sympathy. An interesting study was conducted by neurologists from the University of Groningen in Holland, as a result of which they came to the following conclusion. Psychopaths do not feel compassion and empathy, the pain of others, they are not able to take the place of a person who is feeling bad. But, despite this, they have moments when they can be good-natured and friendly, but only in those cases when they need it. If a healthy person always has a feeling of sympathy, then in people with this pathology it is in a state of “turned off” until the moment they need. This is why maniacs and murderers are often very friendly with their victims at first, and then deal with them bloodthirstyly;
• professions that attract psychopaths. Kevin Dutton, a researcher from Oxford, has identified a list of professions where the largest number of insane people are concentrated. And what a surprise it was when the leading position was taken not by lawyers, police officers or even doctors, but by the position of “CEO”. Testing on volunteers from the “business sharks” showed that one out of 25 people is a psychopath. Moreover, they achieved such heights not for their professional qualities, but, strangely enough, for their charm, which again confirms the theory about turning feelings on and off. A manic thirst for manipulation and terror pushes such people to occupy high management positions, including not only in business, but also in the leadership of the state.

Mosaic psychopathy and schizophrenia are slightly different things, although some group them together. Psychopathy may have schizoid features and similar manifestations, but the diagnosis is still different. The danger of the pathology depends on the symptoms shown. Some become brilliant writers, artists and poets, others become merciless killers and maniacs. In any case, such a condition requires consultation and further monitoring of a specialist, because only he is able to distinguish genius from a potentially dangerous killer.

Mosaic type psychopathy

Mosaic psychopathy is a type of personality disorder that combines different symptoms of various psychopathy. The consequence of this disorder is a pronounced difficulty in social adaptation.

This mixed personality disorder involves an underlying psychopathological syndrome that is either undetectable or inconsistent. In this case, sometimes one or the other signs serve as the basis. Psychopathy is characterized by diverse symptoms, but all of them become an obstacle to a person being able to adapt to society, adapt to its verbal social requirements and unwritten laws. With such a complex psychopathy, it is difficult to detect the predominant symptom.

Features of the disorder

In combination with signs of mosaic psychopathy, certain character traits can lead to rather unpleasant consequences for a person. So, for example, if the character contains such traits as hysteria, emotional instability, hot temper, in combination with psychopathy, this can lead to serious consequences in the future. The combination of hysterical traits and hot temper gives rise to some kind of addiction (craving for alcohol, drugs, gambling addiction, manic sexual addictions).

If, in a disorder of a mixed type, a combination of schizoid and psychasthenic symptoms occurs, this often provokes the emergence of overvalued thoughts and ideas. Such people tend to elevate ordinary ordinary ideas or thoughts to the category of especially significant ones, while they make every effort to ensure that their own ideas are realized.

Such a person has a certain idea, while he is in his own invented reality, which is somewhat different from the real one. When initiating the implementation of brilliant ideas, a person imagines himself as a kind of messenger entrusted with the implementation of a brilliant idea.

With a combination of manifestations of paranoid psychopathy and increased irascibility and initiative, litigious-querulant behavior is formed. With this behavior, a person constantly strives to defend his interests, which are allegedly infringed by someone. Such people constantly complain to all sorts of authorities, constantly write denunciations and slander, and file lawsuits in court. They are not satisfied with the work of social and public services, the attitude of neighbors and authorities. They tend to file lawsuits at the slightest reason. And subsequently they again and again strive to appeal the court’s decision, whatever it may be.

When signs of opposite personality disorders are detected in a person, for example, hysterical and schizoid psychopathy, excitable and asthenic, such combinations are quite dangerous. A mixture of opposite signs in the future may transform into the development of schizophrenia. This deviation is recognized by doctors as very dangerous.

If an organic disorder occurs

An exacerbation of psychopathic traits can also occur after a person has suffered from some serious illness or with chronic diseases of internal organs.

Sometimes mosaic psychopathy is combined with organic personality disorder. This pathological condition is not congenital, it is acquired as a result of provoking factors and psychological trauma. A large number of diseases that affect the brain can lead to significant changes in a person’s already formed personality. The most common reasons that provoke the development of an organic disorder are:

• traumatic brain injuries;
• epilepsy;
• neuroinfections;
• alcohol addiction.

If before the disease manifested itself, a person had mixed signs of various disorders, and it was very difficult for him to find a common language with the people around him, then after a brain disease is added to such symptoms, such signs become even more intense. Reactions often include aggression, anger, anger, protest, and indignation.

This disease can cause the following symptoms:

• decreased performance;
• increased emotional instability;
• attacks of aggression or euphoria;
• delusional ideas in statements.

Long and detailed conversations are essentially not informative; a person repeats the same thing in different words.

Therapy for the disorder

As such, mosaic psychopathy does not require treatment. Medical help is sought only at the stage of exacerbation of a personality disorder, when excitability, delusional statements, obsession, and depression occur. In these cases, treatment for psychopathy is necessary.

If a patient experiences a layering of an organic personality disorder on top of a mixed psychopathy that is already present, then therapy is mandatory. The main goal of treatment is to inhibit the development of the disease and preserve the person’s social adaptation. Based on the signs and manifestations, it is advisable to prescribe medications:

• neuroleptics;
• tranquilizers;
• antidepressants;
• mood stabilizers;
• vitamin complexes.

Drug treatment is carried out in cases where the signs of mosaic psychopathy are pronounced and negatively affect a person’s quality of life.