Vaginal prolapse in a cow and other gynecological diseases. Gynecological diseases of cows and heifers

In dairy farms and farms engaged in breeding livestock, the treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases in cows is a priority. In addition to genetic abnormalities and viral diseases, problems with gynecology can arise as a result of vitamin deficiency, incorrect or difficult births, staff negligence, and even a simple draft. Next, we will talk about how to identify gynecological diseases of a cow in time, why they are dangerous and how they are treated.

Causes of diseases

In the vast majority of gynecological diseases in cows, they manifest themselves either during conception, or during childbirth and the postpartum period. So, 2 weeks after birth, atonic dysfunction of the uterus in a cow is observed in 90% of cases. But with good care and a normal diet, after a couple of months this figure drops to 7-10%.

During the postpartum period, various kinds of fungi and other pathogenic microflora penetrate through the udder, and most of all through the vagina of cows. The only thing that saves here is regular washing and disinfection of the genitals of animals with antiseptic solutions.

Ovarian hypofunction (decreased hormonal activity) in young heifers is usually caused by poor nutrition and colds. A cold floor, a damp environment and constant drafts are a direct path to infertility. In adult cows, hormonal problems can be caused by illiterate artificial insemination, untreated metritis and advanced vaginal prolapse.

Signs of the disease

Vaginal prolapse is closer to birth injuries than to diseases. After all, the pathogenesis of this phenomenon lies in difficult childbirth or gross mistakes by the obstetrician during childbirth. Such a disease will not go away on its own, but you should not self-medicate a prolapsed organ. Only an experienced, practicing veterinarian can cope with the disease.

This pathology can have 2 forms - complete and incomplete. They manifest themselves in different ways, but both of these forms are equally dangerous for animals. The full form is characterized by a noticeable protrusion of the wall. It can get to the point where the wall literally falls out of the genital slit in the form of a bubble or ball. In some cases, even the cervix is ​​visible.

The incomplete form of the disease is less noticeable and therefore more dangerous. You can only see it when the cow is lying down. In this position, a small fold protrudes from the vagina. As soon as the animal gets up, this fold is reduced naturally.

Treatment for hair loss

The genitals are a very sensitive place, and treatment can be painful, so before reducing the prolapse, you need to make a novocaine blockade and give the cow a sedative.

Incomplete and complete forms are treated approximately the same:

• before the procedure, the cow must be secured on the pen;
• wash the organ with soap and water;
• disinfect the protruding part with potassium permanganate or other means;
• To make the fold enter easier, apply an ointment with a disinfecting effect;
• Press the fallen fold or lump inward with your hand.

When the pine cone is fully formed, it is additionally wrapped in a towel soaked in tannin before pressing. If tannin is not at hand, then alum will do.

But the reduced organ must be fixed, otherwise it will fall out again. To do this, a special bandage is placed on the vagina; some use a loop. But experienced veterinarians prefer to fix the vagina with a special suture, which is removed after 10 - 12 days. While the vagina is fixed, it needs to be washed and disinfected daily.

Early contractions

Premature, early contractions almost always cause gynecological diseases in cows. In first-born heifers, contractions that start too early may indicate internal pathology. Sometimes this happens as a result of poor care and rude attitude from the staff. In a young heifer, contractions can even begin from fright.

If a cow is giving birth not for the first time and she has premature contractions, then first you need to check whether the fetus has frozen. In this case, a timely abortion will help you get by with “little blood.” After the recovery course, the cow will be able to give birth again. If time is lost, the cow may develop purulent endometritis, and in severe cases the animal dies.

If the calf is alive in the womb, then it is advisable to calm the animal so that unplanned contractions stop. In the barn, the lights are usually dimmed and dry and soft bedding is placed. Epidural anesthesia (a type of local anesthesia in which the drug is injected into the spinal area) is used as a stopping agent. The best prevention is good nutrition and regular but short walks.

Placenta retention

According to the rules, the placenta should come out within 8 hours after birth. During this time, the cow undergoes conservative procedures. To cause contractions, the uterus must be stimulated. Oxytocin and sinestrol are used as medications. Glucose improves muscle tone well. And a calcium chloride solution protects against pathogenic pathogenic microflora.

If the placenta does not come out naturally, it is removed manually no later than 2 days later. The strictest hygiene must be observed during this procedure. But it is prohibited to introduce disinfectants into the uterus. The reducing medications are still the same - sinestrol with oxytocin.

Nowadays, intrauterine administration of foaming tablets and antibiotics is actively practiced. The exudate should be removed in a timely manner, and the external genitals should be treated with an aerosol antiseptic. After delay or artificial removal of the placenta, metritis occurs in most cases. And if it is not recognized in time, then everything will end in infertility.

Forms and types of metritis

As practice shows, in most cases, uterine atony or, more simply, the complete loss of the uterus’ ability to contract, appears precisely as a result of various types and forms of metritis. There are 3 most common types of the disease.

1. Endometritis is inflammation of the uppermost mucous layer of the uterus;
2. When the disease affects the muscles of the uterus, it is already myometritis;
3. The most severe type is perimetritis, in which case the disease has already progressed in the abdominal cavity.

There are hidden or subclinical, acute catarrhal, purulent-catarrhal and chronic forms of metritis. The most dangerous are considered to be hidden and chronic, because they may not manifest themselves in any way.

As the disease progresses, it becomes easier to fight it. If the disease does not manifest itself in any way, then it can already be noticed when it comes to infertility, uterine prolapse or sepsis. In order to detect the disease in time, all cows are tested for the presence of metritis pathogens 10-12 days after birth.

Hypofunction

Nowadays, ovarian hypofunction in a cow is considered a disease of a careless owner. After all, the main causes of this disease are poor living conditions.

This includes an insufficiently varied diet, saving on feed (underfeeding). Dampness, drafts, low room temperature, lack of normal exercise. As well as overexploitation and heavy loads on working cows.

The first sign of cow hypofunction is a decrease in sexual activity. There is a violation of the monthly cycle. The cows' desire disappears; they are not excited.

Rectal examination shows low rigidity in the uterus, sometimes it cannot be detected at all. There is a slight decrease in the ovaries of cows. A particular manifestation of hypofunction may be sudden weight loss, or, conversely, the cow may quickly gain excess weight.

But there is no need to make a tragedy out of this disease. It has been proven many times that when the causes are eliminated, it completely recedes within a couple of months.

Childbirth addiction

Long-term observations and studies by specialists have shown that gynecological diseases, including vaginal prolapse in cows, are directly dependent on the course of labor. There is a conditional division into normal childbirth, childbirth with complications and pathological childbirth.

Normal childbirth is easy and may not even require the participation of a veterinarian. The time for the placenta to emerge does not exceed 8 hours. During childbirth with complications, the calf is removed manually. Accordingly, there will be minor injuries to the uterus, plus ruptures usually remain in the tissues of the genital organs. In case of complications, the afterbirth leaves within 12 hours.

In pathological births, the calf is delivered with great effort, and by several people. Often all this ends with serious ruptures of the uterus and nearby organs. The afterbirth is removed surgically.

Problems with gynecology during normal births appear in 10-15% of cows. If there were complications, then gynecological diseases can be expected in 25-30% of cows. With pathology, the incidence reaches 95%.

Inversion of the uterus

Uterine inversion or prolapse is a very serious incident. Typically, such a nuisance occurs after the forcible removal of a calf during a pathological birth. The view is, of course, terrible. Bunches of bloody muscle hang from the vagina. This is caused by sagging muscles of the uterus caused by confinement.

When the uterus is inverted, you need to act quickly. In addition to the obstetrician and veterinarian, the efforts of at least two more experienced specialists are required. According to the instructions, four people should do the adjustment.

The afterbirth is washed off from the organ with potassium permanganate. To relieve swelling, you need to wash the uterus with a glucose solution (40%). The cow is injected with an anti-inflammatory drug. If there are wounds, they are cauterized with iodine. After this, the organ is wrapped in towels and set. Towels are removed as you enter. At the end, a bandage or suture is applied.

In addition to walking, cows at risk are given a threshold in the stall so that the croup is constantly raised relative to the body. In addition, the veterinarian prescribes drug prophylaxis.

Subinvolution of the uterus

Subinvolution is the slow return of the uterus to normal after childbirth. This disease can lead to metritis. Typically, stalled cows suffer from poor uterine contractions. There are 3 forms of the disease:

1. Acute – from birth develops up to 2 weeks;
2. Subacute – here the development of the disease can last up to a month;
3. Chronic – this form is diagnosed a month after birth.

In the acute form, burgundy-colored lochia is observed for two weeks. The subacute form is characterized by a small amount of lochia that is released within a month. The lochia themselves are red, with an ointment-like consistency. In the chronic form, the uterine horns are enlarged and their hydridity is weakened. In addition, acyclia is observed, and the corpus luteum is persistent in the ovaries.

If subinvolution is suspected in a cow during heat, then 2 ml of cervical mucus is taken. Add to it 2 ml of caustic alkali (10% solution) and 10 drops of copper sulfate (1% solution). If the disease is present, the composition will be brown or dark purple.

Cyst

Most often, a follicular cyst occurs as a result of hormonal imbalances and surges. Sometimes cysts are recorded during milking and during the period of highest milk production.

Such cows are characterized by nymphomania, that is, long and active periods of strong sexual overexcitation. A final diagnosis can only be made by a veterinarian after a rectal examination.

The cyst is a large formation, like dropsy, predominantly round in shape. Inside, such dropsy is filled with follicles and cells of the corpus luteum. There is an assumption that the cyst occurs as a result of the death of the egg. The diameter of a cyst in a cow can reach 6 cm.

This disease can be treated surgically and medicinally. According to statistics, surgical intervention leads to recovery of the cow only in 15% of cases. While the medicinal method gives about 80% of recoveries.

Persistent corpus luteum

Such a corpus luteum is called persistent if it lingers and continues to function for more than a month in the ovaries of a non-pregnant animal. The cause may be chronic endometritis, failure to inseminate during heat, or subinvolution of the uterus. In this case, the persistent form of the corpus luteum is formed from the cyclic form.

Large amounts of persistent corpus luteum cause excessive progesterone production. Which in turn can provoke the formation of a cyst. Occasionally, cows may stop cycling. The diagnosis is made by a veterinarian, for this he needs to conduct a rectal examination 2 times, the interval between these examinations is 3 weeks.

Diseases and pathologies of the reproductive system in cows cause enormous damage to both large farms and small private breeders. They may not appear clearly and here you need to know the first signs. Share this information with your friends and maybe your like will help cure some cow.

Has your cow suffered from any of the listed diseases? Please share your experience in the comments.

Dysfunction of the genital organs (vagina, uterus, oviduct and ovaries) in females after the postpartum period are considered gynecological diseases, in contrast to the obstetric pathology observed in animals during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Andrology- the doctrine of diseases of the urinary and genital organs of males (penis, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, accessory sex glands - prostate, vesicular and bulbous glands, etc.).

The main causes of diseases of the genital organs in females are very diverse: errors in feeding and maintenance, poor care of animals, unsatisfactory zoohygienic conditions in the premises, lack of active walks with the run (grazing), non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during natural and artificial insemination, infectious and invasive diseases, etc. In veterinary practice, obstetric and gynecological diseases are interrelated and constitute a complex of diseases of the genital organs (veterinary gynecology) that cause infertility in animals.

Diseases of the vulva and vagina often occur simultaneously. Their inflammation can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, etc.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina consists of the use of antiseptic solutions, powders, ointments, emulsions, antibiotics, sulfonamides, ichthyol, furatsilin, furazolidone, potassium permanganate and other drugs.

Diseases of the uterus (inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis, inflammation of the uterus - metritis, inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus - endometritis) can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, etc. They arise due to infection during childbirth, insemination or spread from neighboring organs.

Treatment consists of douching with antiseptic solutions, using ready-made gynecological products (suppositories, tablets, powders, emulsions, etc.). Diseases of the uterus, including its subinvolution, require complex treatment.

Diseases of the oviduct are more often recorded in cows and mares. Inflammatory processes (salpingitis) arise as complications during retention of the placenta, metritis, subinvolution of the uterus, during rough examination of the genital organs, penetration of microbes from the pathological focus through the bloodstream, etc.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. They use drugs that enhance the contraction of the oviduct (oxytocin, pituitrin, etc.), as well as antiseptics (antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, etc.).

Ovarian diseases often cause infertility in females of all animal species, but most often in cows and mares. Reproductive and hormonal functions are disrupted, which is why sexual cycles are absent or incomplete. Ovarian diseases are manifested by the following disorders: anaphrodisia, nymphomania, ovarianitis, cysts (follicular, corpus luteum cyst), persistent corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, etc.

Treatment for ovarian diseases is carried out comprehensively, using all types of therapy: pathogenetic (blockades, tissue preparations, vitamins, etc.), medications (antibiotics, hormones, neurotropic substances, prostaglandins, etc.), surgical intervention (removal of corpora lutea, ovarian cysts in large animals through the rectum or abdominal wall), physiotherapy (ultrasound and laser therapy).

Infertility is a violation of sexual (reproductive) function in an adult animal (female, male), associated with the inability to produce offspring. Signs of infertility in females are a long absence of sexual estrus, repeated infertile inseminations, etc. Infertility of females is determined by gynecological examination. Signs of infertility in males are the absence of sexual reflexes (various types of impotence), the absence of sperm in the ejaculate or their low activity, etc.

By origin, infertility can be congenital or acquired; according to the course of the process and forecast indications - temporary (removable) and permanent (irremovable).

Barrenness (idleness)- economic concept. It only applies to breeding stock. Barrenness is the number (in percentage) of cows, sheep, mares that did not give birth during a calendar year, calculated per 100 queens. Eliminating barrenness means annually obtaining 100 or more heads of offspring from 100 queens. In livestock farming practice, the main causes of infertility and barrenness may be shortcomings and errors in feeding and keeping the queens; diseases; violations of the rules and technology for insemination of females (organizational shortcomings - poor preparation for insemination of females and males); violation of the rules for breeding animals and raising young animals at an early age.

According to the classification of A.P. Students, there are seven forms of infertility in females and males.

1. Congenital (infantilism, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, anomalies in the development of the genital organs).

2. Senile (atrophic processes in the genitals).

3. Symptomatic (genital diseases, mastitis, etc.).

4. Nutritional (due to exhaustion or obesity).

5. Operational (depletion and overload of the animal’s body).

6. Climatic (the effect of cold and heat on sexual function).

7. Artificial (artificially acquired and artificially directed, depending on human activity).

In pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits and bitches (multiparous animals), the pathology of reproduction can manifest itself not only in infertility, but also in infertility (when a pig gives birth to 3 - 4 piglets instead of 8 - 12, in sheep and goats - 1 lamb instead of 2 - 3, for female rabbits - 2 - 4 little rabbits instead of 6 - 8).

Infertility in animals (females and males) can be eliminated by a complex of zootechnical, veterinary, agronomic and organizational measures, taking into account zonal characteristics.

GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES OF ANIMALS

Uterine diseases

Chronic catarrhal endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis chronica).

Chronic catarrhal endometritis is a chronic inflammation of the uterine mucosa, characterized by constant discharge of catarrhal exudate from the uterus.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis if the causes that caused it were not eliminated in a timely manner. In cows, chronic endometritis most often results from acute postpartum and post-abortion endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus and the introduction of infected sperm during natural and artificial insemination. The cause of chronic catarrhal endometritis may also be the spread of the inflammatory process to the endometrium from the vagina and cervix. In some cases, this endometritis occurs secondary to the presence of persistent corpora lutea, cysts and functional disorders in the ovaries.

In the chronic course of catarrhal endometritis, under the influence of prolonged exposure to various irritants (microbes, toxins, exudate, etc.), in addition to hyperemia and hemorrhages, a number of different persistent pathological changes occur in the uterine mucosa. In some cases, they manifest themselves in the degeneration of columnar and ciliated epithelium with its replacement by flat epithelium. In other cases, atrophy or hyperplasia of the mucous membrane and atrophy or hyperplasia of the uterine glands are observed. Sometimes there is blockage of the outlet openings of the glands and the formation of cysts from them. Later, the cysts are destroyed. Ulceration and swelling of the mucous membrane are also possible. Sometimes there is a growth of connective tissue and induration of the uterus with displacement of muscle tissue.

Along with these changes, pathological changes often occur in the vessels of the uterus (dilation of blood vessels, thickening and sometimes degeneration of their walls), as well as in the receptors and nerve cells of the uterus, which disrupts the blood circulation in it and its innervation. In this case, functional disorders of the uterus and ovaries occur. At the same time, there is an effusion of exudate into the uterine cavity. Depending on the form of inflammation, the exudate can be mucous, mucopurulent or purulent. When the process worsens, the release of exudate increases; when the degree of inflammation decreases, the exudation decreases and sometimes temporarily stops. All this creates unfavorable conditions for fertilization.

Clinical signs. Chronic catarrhal endometritis is characterized by constant or periodic discharge of cloudy, flaky mucus from the uterus, which is usually found on the floor where the animal was lying. The cervix is ​​almost always slightly open, its canal is filled with thick mucus coming from the uterus.

Rectal examination reveals an increase in uterine volume and fluctuation. When exudate accumulates in large quantities, the body and horns of the uterus are lowered into the abdominal cavity.

Uterine pain is usually not observed, its contractility is weak or absent (uterine atony). The walls of the uterus are thickened and compacted in places or flabby.

The general condition of animals in mild forms of chronic endometritis usually does not change, but severe forms are accompanied by a deterioration in general condition, a decrease in milk production and gradual weight loss. In case of intoxication, an increase in temperature, increased heart rate, decreased appetite, atony of the proventriculus, catarrh of the abomasum and intestines are observed.

Blood changes in chronic endometritis are usually not typical. The most common abnormalities with them, especially in cases accompanied by emaciation of the animal, are a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and red blood cells and eosinophilia. Less common are leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis or leukocytosis, neutrophilia and basophilia.

Sexual cycles in chronic endometritis are most often arrhythmic or disappear altogether.

The main symptom of chronic endometritis is temporary or permanent infertility of females and the associated complete loss of milk production of animals.

Infertility in chronic endometritis occurs due to various reasons. In some cases, the cause of infertility is the lack of estrus and hunting. This is observed in cases where chronic endometritis causes pathological changes in the ovaries (lack of growth or incomplete development of follicles, their atresia, the formation of persistent corpora lutea and cysts in the ovaries, sclerotic changes in the ovaries, etc.).

In other cases, the cause of infertility is the death of sperm in the female genital tract due to a change in the environment in the uterus due to the presence of exudate in it.

In the absence of exudate in the uterus, the death of sperm cells can be caused by spermotoxins, spermolysins, bacteriolysins and phages formed in it. The death of sperm is also observed with the preservation of various functional and morphological changes in the endometrium.

In addition, the cause of infertility is sometimes a change in the endometrium, which is often destroyed due to painful long-term processes in the uterus. With such changes, the possibility of fertilization is usually excluded, although sexual heat and ovulation occur. The causes of infertility in chronic endometritis can also be the absence of ovulation, its very delayed occurrence, the presence of a complication in the form of salpingitis, which often excludes the possibility of sperm meeting the egg even during ovulation, and some other points.

It should be borne in mind that with chronic endometritis, in some cases, fertilization occurs, but the changes that have occurred in the endometrium often lead to either the impossibility of zygote implantation, or the death of the embryo at an early stage of its development, or abortion in later stages of pregnancy. Chronic endometritis is accompanied by abortion in cases where changes in the uterine mucosa (degeneration, scarring, etc.) cause disruption of the connections between the maternal and child placentas.

Chronic endometritis continues for months and years. At the same time, they often pass from one form to another and become aggravated. When the form of endometritis changes, catarrhal discharge at times becomes purulent in nature, and purulent discharge turns into mucopurulent and mucous discharge. Simultaneously with the change in the nature of the exudate, its quantity also changes. Sometimes chronic endometritis becomes hidden. In this case, the release of exudate from the uterus stops.

The prognosis for chronic endometritis depends on the duration of the disease and the presence of morphological changes in the endometrium. In unadvanced cases of chronic endometritis, the prognosis can be favorable, since recovery and restoration of the animal’s fertility are possible. In the presence of irreversible morphological changes in the endometrium, causing permanent infertility or habitual abortions, the prognosis for restoration of fertility is unfavorable. In this condition, animals are culled. However, if there is an accurate diagnosis of chronic endometritis, cows should be culled only if there is no positive result from treatment and grazing. In addition, when culling cows, one should also take into account the degree of decrease in milk productivity, which often determines the inappropriateness and unprofitability of further treatment.

Treatment. Considering that chronic catarrhal endometritis affects the endometrium and ovaries, the main goal of treatment should be to restore their function. For this purpose, it is recommended to use both local and general treatment.

Local treatment for chronic catarrhal endometritis comes down to periodically emptying the uterus from its contents and weakening or stopping the activity of microflora, and general treatment involves increasing the tone of the body, contractility of the uterine muscles and stimulating ovarian function. To increase the tone of the body, a complete food ration, regular walks, a 10% calcium chloride solution (intravenously) and vitamin preparations are prescribed. If there is a persistent corpus luteum in the ovary, ovarian massage or enucleation of the corpus luteum is performed. To restore the function of the endometrium and myometrium, subcutaneous administration of hormonal drugs is recommended.

Prevention. Prevention of chronic catarrhal endometritis is achieved by timely elimination of acute forms of endometritis. Animals suffering from chronic endometritis are isolated. Insemination of animals that show signs of chronic endometritis is not carried out until complete recovery. To identify animals with chronic endometritis and timely treat them, it is necessary to conduct monthly obstetric and gynecological medical examinations with recording of research results in the “Record of insemination and calving of cattle.” Otherwise, prevention is the same as for acute endometritis.

Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis (Endometritis catarrhalis et purulenta chronica) Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis is a long-term inflammation of the uterine mucosa, accompanied by the release of mucopurulent exudate.

Etiology. Chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis usually develops from acute endometritis or arises from chronic catarrhal endometritis with the introduction of pyogenic microbes.

In chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, the pathogenesis is basically the same as in chronic catarrhal endometritis. However, changes in the endometrium and in the body with catarrhal-purulent endometritis are more pronounced. In particular, in the mucous membrane of the uterus, in addition to hyperemia, hemorrhage and swelling, purulent infiltration and tissue degeneration can develop. Sometimes ulcers, scar cords and wart-mushroom formations form. Intoxication is possible, causing a deterioration in the general condition of the animal.

Symptoms and course. Catarrhal-purulent chronic endometritis is characterized by constant or periodic discharge of mucopurulent exudate from the uterus. The exudate may be thin or thick, creamy, cloudy, yellowish-white, white or yellow, and sometimes with a reddish tint. The secretion of exudate usually increases during estrus and in the first days after it, as well as when the animal is lying down.

During vaginal examination, striped hyperemia and exudate coming from the uterus are found in the vagina. The vaginal part of the cervix is ​​usually hyperemic. The cervical canal is slightly open and filled with mucopurulent exudate or is closed. In the latter case, the flow of exudate from the uterus stops.

On rectal examination, the uterus is found in the pelvic cavity or slightly lowered into the abdominal cavity. When a large amount of exudate accumulates, it descends deep into the abdominal cavity. Upon palpation of the uterus, more or less pronounced fluctuation, pain and asymmetry of the uterine horns are detected. In addition, swelling and flabbiness of the walls of the uterus, a decrease or absence of their contractility are found.

The general condition of the animal is without noticeable deviations from the norm. However, with exacerbations of the process and intoxication, a decrease in appetite, a deterioration in the general condition, an increase in body temperature and a gradual emaciation of the animal are often observed. The reproductive cycle is disrupted, fertilization does not occur during insemination.

The course of chronic catarrhal-purulent endometritis, its prognosis, as well as methods of treatment and prevention are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Chronic latent endometritis (Endometritis latens chronica) Latent chronic endometritis refers to the inflammatory process of the endometrium, occurring without clearly defined clinical signs and usually in the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during periods between estrus. It is diagnosed only during estrus by the presence of purulent streaks and other inclusions in the estrus mucus and is the cause of multiple unsuccessful inseminations of cows (microbial toxins and other inflammatory products have a detrimental effect on the embryo).

Etiology. The reasons for the development of chronic latent endometritis are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

Symptoms and course. The inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa in chronic latent endometritis occurs initially, as in catarrhal endometritis. Subsequently, the degree of inflammation of the endometrium decreases, and the effusion of exudate into the uterus gradually stops. In this regard, the release of exudate from the uterus to the outside also stops. However, changes in the endometrium that formed at the beginning of inflammation persist. They are not detected during clinical examination. As a result, the obvious sign of endometritis (pathological discharge from the uterus) disappears, and the process takes on a hidden nature. With the onset of the next estrus, heat and ovulation, when the resistance of the body and the endometrium decreases, the inflammatory process in the endometrium worsens, and the release of exudate into the uterine cavity and then out begins again.

Chronic latent endometritis is characterized by the absence of pathological discharge from the uterus during the period from one estrus to another. However, clinical examination usually does not detect noticeable changes in the vagina, cervix and uterus itself. Sometimes only uterine atony and uneven thickening of its walls are noted. The rhythm of sexual cycles is most often not disturbed. In apparently healthy cows, multiple unsuccessful inseminations and infertility are observed, which is often grounds for assuming that they have this pathology.

Diagnosis. It is difficult to make a reliable diagnosis based on clinical signs. Chronic latent endometritis is diagnosed by detecting pathological discharge from the uterus during hunting. They are not transparent, as is normal, but cloudy with an admixture of flakes of pus and more abundant. 1-3 days after the hunt, pathological discharge from the uterus stops and is not observed again until the onset of the next estrus and heat. Chronic latent endometritis can be more accurately diagnosed only using one of the laboratory methods below.

A gynecologist can organize a laboratory study of cervical mucus in a farm, artificial insemination center or veterinary pharmacy to clarify the diagnosis and nature of the inflammatory process in infertile animals. To obtain lochia or mucus, first they toilet the external genitalia, then insert a hand in a plastic glove into the vagina, take the contents near the cervix and place it in a jar or test tube, write the number or name of the cow. The material is examined immediately, but it can be done after 2-3 hours if stored in a cool place. If necessary, to clarify the cause of infertility, microscopy of a smear of cervicovaginal mucus and endometrial biopsy are performed.

According to I.S. Nagorny. 2 ml of lochia are placed in a laboratory test tube and 2 ml of a 1% solution of acetic acid or a 0.1% solution of ethacridine lactate is added. If lochia is obtained from a cow with a normal course of the postpartum period, then a clot of mucin is formed in the test tube, which does not break when shaken; the settling liquid remains transparent. In the case of endometritis, a precipitate forms; when the tube is gently shaken, the liquid becomes cloudy.

Test according to V.S. Dudenko. It is based on the detection of aromatic toxic substances (indole, skatole, etc.) in estrus mucus in the presence of an inflammatory process. Take 2 ml of lochia or mucus into a test tube and add 2 ml of a 20% trichloroacetic acid solution. The mixture is filtered through a paper filter and 0.5 ml of nitric acid is added to 2 ml of protein-free filtrate. The contents are boiled for one minute. After cooling, 1.5 ml of 33% sodium hydroxide solution is added to the mixture. If the reaction is positive, the solution turns yellow. Yellow-green color indicates moderate catarrhal inflammation of the endometrium, orange indicates purulent catarrhal inflammation of the uterine mucosa.

Test according to G.M. Kalinovsky. It is based on the detection of sulfur-containing amino acids in mucus, which are noted during inflammation. 4 ml of a 0.5% solution of lead acetate is added to a test tube, to which a 20% solution of sodium hydroxide is added dropwise until a precipitate (lead oxide hydrate) forms. After 15-20 seconds. add sodium hydroxide solution again until the precipitate disappears. Then 1.5 - 2.0 ml of mucus taken from the cow before insemination is added to the test tube. The contents of the test tube are easily shaken and heated without bringing to a boil. In the presence of latent endometritis, as a result of the formation of lead sulphide, the mixture takes on the color of strongly brewed tea.

Test according to V.G. Gavrish. Based on the detection of histamine produced by endometrial mast cells during inflammatory processes. Add 2 ml of animal urine to a test tube and add 1 ml of a 5% aqueous solution of lapis. Boil for 2 minutes. The formation of a black sediment indicates inflammation of the endometrium, and brown or light sediment indicates a normal condition.

Test according to L.L. Smirnova. It is based on the adsorption of purulent contents and allows for the diagnosis of latent endometritis without waiting for the animal to be in heat. A cotton-gauze swab with thread is impregnated with Ivasdek (a mixture consisting of petroleum jelly - 72 parts, ichthyol - 20 parts, ASD-3 - 8 parts), and using a forceps, it is inserted into the vagina up to the cervix. A day later the thread is removed. If you have endometritis, there will be a white spot on the tampon in the form of a drop of pus.

Treatment for latent endometritis, prognosis and prevention are the same as for chronic catarrhal endometritis.

1. Cows that come into heat multiple times are inseminated twice with an interval of 10-12 hours and after 8-10 hours, 10 ml of tylosinocar, metritil or neomycin sulfate, polymyxin sulfate, tylosin tartrate or other antibiotics in a dose of 1 g (1 million units), dissolved in 10 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution.

Functional disorders of the ovaries of cows and heifers

Functional disorders of the ovaries, causing long-term infertility in cows and heifers, manifest themselves, as a rule, in the form of their hypofunction, cysts and persistence of the corpus luteum.

Ovarian hypofunction is characterized by impaired development and maturation of follicles, their ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. This pathology can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, insufficient function of the corpus luteum, or complete depression of the function of the gonads and prolonged anaphrodisia.

Etiology. The causes of ovarian hypofunction are a decrease in the synthesis and incretion of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary gland or a weakening of the ovarian reactivity to the action of gonadotropins. The latter is observed, as a rule, with increased synthesis of corticosteroid hormones under stress, as well as with a lack of thyroid hormones in the body of animals.

Symptoms and course. The initial form of ovarian hypofunction, manifested by persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24-72 hours after the end of the heat (normally, ovulation occurs 10-12 hours after the end of the heat), postlibid uterine metrorrhagia (bleeding on the second or third day after insemination) and low fertility animals.

Ovarian hypofunction, manifested by anovulation, is characterized by impaired development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries. Such animals are characterized by a lack of fertilization and multiple inseminations. A rectal examination of a cow during the period of anovulatory sexual cycle reveals growing small or medium-sized follicles in the ovaries that do not reach the preovulatory state.

With ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by developmental disorders and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, cows experience multiple unsuccessful inseminations, sometimes with disruption of the rhythm of sexual cycles (the manifestation of the arousal stage after 12-15 days). A rectal examination 6-8 days after the onset of the stage of initiation of the sexual cycle reveals a small, dense corpus luteum in the ovaries. The concentration of progesterone in the blood during this period does not exceed 1.6 - 1.8 ng/ml (versus 2.5 - 4.0 ng/ml during a normal sexual cycle). There are usually no changes in the uterus. Most often, this disorder of sexual function is observed in hot summer months, as well as with insufficient or inadequate feeding of animals.

With complete depression of the function of the gonads, clinically accompanied by anaphrodisia, the ovaries are reduced in size, dense to the touch, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpora lutea. The horns of the uterus are located in the pelvic cavity or hang over the pubic edge, are weakly rigid, and atonic.

Treatment and prevention. Cows with ovarian hypofunction, manifested by delayed ovulation or anovulation, are injected intramuscularly with surfagon at a dose of 20 - 25 mcg or ovogon-TIO - 1-1.5 thousand on the day of manifestation of the phenomena of the arousal stage of the sexual cycle (before or after the first insemination of the animal). IE.

Animals with anovulatory sexual cycles are also prescribed serum gonadotropin, which is administered subcutaneously 2 - 3 days before the expected onset of the next stage of arousal (17 - 19 days after the previous sexual cycle and insemination) at a dose of 2.5 thousand IU. (5 - 6 IU per 1 kg of body weight). During an anovulatory sexual cycle, accompanied by luteinization of a non-ovulated follicle, determined in the ovary during rectal examination on days 6-8 in the form of a cavity formation with a “tight” fluctuation, one of the prostaglandin F 2-alpha preparations (estuphalan, bioestrophan, clatraprostin, gravoprost) is administered intramuscularly once or gravoclathran in a dose of 2 ml), and when the stage of excitation occurs (during insemination) - surfagon - 20 - 25 mcg or ovogon-TIO - 1 - 1.5 thousand IE.

In case of ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, cows are given a single dose of gonadotropin FFA in a dose of 3 - 3.5 thousand IU. (6 - 7 m.u/kg body weight). To ensure normal ovulation, on the day of the initiation stage of the sexual cycle (during insemination), surfagon is injected at a dose of 20 mcg. In animals that have not shown the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle, 21 - 22 days after a gynecological examination and confirmation of the initial diagnosis, gonadotropin FFA is reintroduced in the same dose.

Animals with insufficient function of the corpus luteum, when the next cycle appears on the day of insemination, are administered a single dose of 2.5 thousand IU subcutaneously. gonadotropin FFA (4 - 5 IU/kg body weight).

For the treatment of animals with depression of sexual function, it is recommended to administer gonadotropic drugs, which should be combined with the use of aqueous solutions of neurotropic drugs: carbacholin (0.1%) or furamone (1.0%). Any of these drugs is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, 2 - 2.5 ml, and after 4 - 5 days, gonadotropin FFA is injected once at a dose of 1.5 - 2 thousand IU.

Ovarian cysts, as functioning formations, are formed from unovulated follicles and, according to their functional state, are divided into follicular and luteal.

Follicular cysts have one or more spherical cavities, the walls of which at the beginning of their formation and functioning are represented by hyperplastically modified hormonally active granulosa, vascularized theca, hyperplastically modified outer connective tissue membrane and reduced granulosa.

Symptoms and course. Rectally, they are determined in the form of one or several thin-walled blisters with gentle fluctuations, with a diameter of 2 to 4 - 6 cm or more. The ovaries acquire a round or spherical shape and increase in size to the size of a chicken or goose egg. The horns of the uterus are somewhat enlarged and hang over the edge of the pubic bones. At the beginning of the formation and functioning of cysts in cows, nymphomania is clinically observed, which subsequently, with the onset of degenerative changes in the cyst wall, is replaced by anaphrodisia.

Treatment. To treat cows with follicular ovarian cysts, different schemes for prescribing hormonal drugs are used. According to one of them, treatment is carried out by a single injection of gonadotropin FFA in a dose of 5 - 6 thousand IU. or human chorionic gonadotropin - 4 - 5 thousand units. Animals that have not shown the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle after a gynecological examination and if signs of luteinization of the cyst walls are detected are injected with one of the above-mentioned prostaglandin preparations in a dose of 2 ml on days 10-12. In another case, for treatment you can use gonadotropin-releasing hormone (surfagon), which is injected 10 mcg 3 times with an interval of 24 hours, or the luteinizing hormone ovogon-TIO once - 3 thousand IE. In the third treatment regimen, cows are parenterally injected with 50-75 mg of progesterone daily for 7-8 days, while 50-100 mg of potassium iodide is given orally, and after two to three days they are injected once with gonadotropin SFA-3-3.5 thousand. m.e.

Luteal cysts, as a rule, have one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle.

Symptoms and course. With this pathology, the ovaries are diagnosed through the rectum in the form of spherical formations up to 6 - 8 cm in diameter with a dense wall and mild fluctuation. The presence of such cysts in animals is accompanied by anaphrodisia. The horns of the uterus and cystic ovaries hang into the abdominal cavity, the uterus is atonic. In the blood plasma, a low content of estradiol and a high level of progesterone are detected.

Treatment. Carried out by a single intramuscular injection of estufalan in a dose of 500 - 1000 mcg, bioestrophan 2 ml, or clatraprostin 2 - 4 ml with simultaneous subcutaneous injection of 2.5 - 3 thousand i.u. gonadotropin FFA. When using gravoprost or gravoclathran in a dose of 4 ml, gonadotropin FFA is not prescribed. For ovarian cysts accompanied by atony and hypotension of the uterus, neurotropic drugs can be used as additional therapeutic agents.

Persistent corpus luteum of the ovary.

A persistent corpus luteum is considered to be the corpus luteum in the ovary of a non-pregnant cow that lingers and functions for more than 25 to 30 days.

Etiology. Most often, it is formed from the cyclic corpus luteum during chronic inflammatory processes in the genital organs, as well as after repeated omissions (without inseminating the animal) of sexual cycles. The corpus luteum of pregnancy, regardless of the nature of labor and the postpartum period, undergoes involution in the first days after birth (the concentration of progesterone in the peripheral blood is 0.2 - 0.5 ng/ml), and its transition to persistence is not observed.

Symptoms and course. The concentration of progesterone in the blood in this pathology corresponds to the luteal phase of the sexual cycle (more than 2 ng/ml). The horns of the uterus, as a rule, hang into the abdominal cavity, are somewhat enlarged, their walls are relaxed, and rigidity is reduced. The examination of the condition of the uterus is carried out very carefully and carefully to identify its disease or exclude pregnancy.

Diagnosis. When diagnosing persistent corpus luteum, it is necessary to keep accurate records of the condition of the ovaries and uterus at each examination to compare them. Diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum is carried out by double rectal examination of cows and heifers with an interval of 2 - 3 weeks and daily observation of animals. During this period, the corpus luteum does not undergo changes in location or size, and the animal does not exhibit the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle.

Treatment. Infertile cows with persistent corpora lutea or with functioning corpora lutea of ​​the reproductive cycle are administered a single dose of one of the prostaglandin preparations in the above doses. To increase the effectiveness of prescribing prostaglandin drugs to animals, they are combined with a single injection of gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 2.5 - 3 thousand IU. When using hormonal drugs to restore fertility in mature heifers, the dose of gonadotropic drugs is reduced by 700 - 1000 IU, and prostaglandins by 150 -200 mcg. In all cases of using hormonal drugs to normalize ovarian function in animals, it is advisable to prescribe vitamins, macro- and microelements.

Prevention of gynecological diseases of cows and heifers

Diseases of the reproductive organs in farm animals should not be considered as local diseases of the genital organs, but as a general disease of the animal’s body. Therefore, the system for the prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs should include a complex of economic-zootechnical, special veterinary and sanitary-hygienic measures when raising replacement young animals, inseminating cows and heifers, preparing them for fruiting and childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period.

Clinically healthy heifers are selected for reproduction taking into account the milk production and fertility of their parents. Replacement heifers are provided with adequate feeding, allowing them to reach a body weight of 340-370 kg by the age of 18 months. During the 6-month dairy period, they should receive 280-300 kg of whole milk, 400-600 kg of skim milk, 170-200 kg of concentrated feed, 200-300 kg of good hay and haylage, 300-400 kg of silage and root crops. Their growth and development are monitored using clinical, morphological, biochemical and other parameters. If necessary, make appropriate adjustments to feeding and maintenance. In summer, preference is given to camp-pasture housing.

During the insemination period, the average daily weight gain should be above 500 g. When inseminating heifers and cows, they are guided by the instructions for artificial insemination of cows and heifers, veterinary and sanitary rules for reproduction.

Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals is carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.

Deep-boned cows at the time of launch (60-65 days before the expected birth) are subjected to a full clinical examination, paying special attention to fatness, condition of hair and skin, bones, hoof horns, mammary glands, as well as body weight. Cows should be tested for subclinical mastitis using one of the rapid diagnostic tests. When indicated, a more in-depth study of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is performed.

Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hair, strong bones, correct gait and shape of the hooves, and the absence of subclinical or clinically pronounced mastitis.

If signs of mastitis, decreased fatness, disturbance or perversion of appetite, softening of the caudal vertebrae, baldness in the area of ​​the root of the tail and sacrum, loosening of the horny sheaths and teeth, lameness, indicating metabolic disorders, are detected in animals, a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out, including etiotropic, symptomatic , dietary, general tonic and corrective therapy, as well as organizational, economic and zootechnical measures for the prevention of metabolic disorders and breast diseases.

After a clinical examination, cleaning of the hair and skin, and trimming of the hooves, the animals are transferred to the dry group, where, depending on the technology, they are kept on a leash or without it in groups that are formed according to the timing of the expected calving (60-45, 45-30, 30-10 days). A group of heifers is kept separately. For better fetal formation and the prevention of birth and postpartum complications, it is advisable to keep animals loose during dry periods.

A room for keeping dry cows and heifers is allocated at the rate of 18% of the total number of cows and heifers of the farm (complex), it must be equipped with a group den at the rate of at least 5 m2 of floor area per animal with individual boxes measuring 2x1.5 m and have feeding area with hard surface (8 m2) or without it (15 m2), feeding front (0.8 m). The consumption of litter (straw) is at least 1.5-2 kg per day. The bedding material must be homogeneous, dry, without traces of mold.

When kept in a tether, pregnant cows and heifers are placed in stalls (1.2 x 1.9 m) equipped with feeders, drinkers and automatic harnesses. The floors in the machines can be wooden or cord-rubber-bitumen, and in the aisles - concrete.

Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. For this purpose, stationary irradiators E01-ZOM are used,

EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M. Erythema irradiators E01-ZOM, EO-2 are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m of floor area for free-stall housing, or one irradiator per 2 cows for stall housing. The UO-4M irradiation installation is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided in 3 passes of the installation during the day.

During the winter stable period, dry cows and heifers, under favorable weather conditions (absence of severe frosts, precipitation, wind, etc.), must undergo active exercise for 2-3 hours over a distance of 3-4 km, for which a running path with leveled ground and appropriate fencing, as well as walks lasting 5-7 hours a day on walking areas with hard surfaces.

In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. Stationary premises are subject to repair, cleaning, disinfection and sanitation.

The level of feeding of cows and heifers during the dry period is determined by the animal’s body weight, condition of condition, expected milk production and should ensure an increase in the animal’s body weight during this period by 10-12%. The diet of animals must be balanced in terms of energy, digestible protein, macro- and microelements, dry matter, fiber, and contain 8-9 feed. units and include, kg: good hay - at least 5-6, high-quality silage - 10-15, good-quality haylage - 5-7, grass meal or cutting - 1, concentrated feed - 1.5-2, fodder beets and other root and tuber crops 4 -5, molasses 0.5-1, as well as mineral supplements in the form of table salt, kiode, phosphorus-calcium salts. Each feed unit should contain 100-120 g of digestible protein, 90-150 g of carbohydrates, 45-50 mg of carotene, 8-9 g of calcium, 6-7 g of phosphorus, 8-10 g of sodium chloride, 19-20 g of potassium, magnesium 5-6 g, copper 10 mg, zinc and manganese 50 mg each, cobalt and iodine 0.7 mg each, vitamin D 1 thousand IE, vitamin E 40 mg. The sugar-protein ratio should be 0.8-1.5:1, and the calcium to phosphorus ratio should be 1.5-1.6:1. The diet must be balanced based on a chemical analysis of feed, carefully monitor the content of macro- and microelements, vitamins, and avoid the use of feed containing impurities of heavy metal salts, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates and nitrites, as well as residual amounts of preservatives or stabilizers.

During the dry period, twice on the 14-15th day after launch and 10-14th day after birth, a clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by inspection, palpation, test squeezing and organoleptic assessment of the secretion. Identified animals with mastitis are subjected to appropriate treatment.

In order to control the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and productivity of the herd) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) summer-grazing periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulin, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gammaglobulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml ), low concentrations of vitamins A (25 mcg/100 ml or less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.750.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.

If necessary, the content of other vitamins, microelements, indicators of immunobiological and natural resistance, as well as sex and corticosteroid hormones is determined in the blood of cows during the same periods of pregnancy. In the normal course of pregnancy, the ratio of progesterone to estradiol concentrations is no more than 60, and cortisol to progesterone is no less than 7. Higher ratios of progesterone to estradiol and lower cortisol to progesterone indicate the risk of birth and postpartum obstetric pathology.

When abnormalities in metabolism are detected in dry cows and heifers, comprehensive measures are developed for the prevention and treatment of animals by adjusting diets to replenish deficient nutrients, taking into account the quality and chemical composition of feed, as well as the additional administration of vitamin and hepatotropic drugs, mineral premixes, and synthetic antioxidants. In this case, the ratio of prescribed oil concentrates of vitamins A and D should be 10:1, and the use of vitamin E in the last 20 days of pregnancy is not allowed, since vitamin E, having a progesterone-like effect, inhibits the contractile function of the uterus.

Diprovit (in a daily dose of 5 g) or lipomide (in a daily dose of 1 g) are used as hepatotropic drugs, which are fed to pregnant cows for 4 weeks at the beginning of the dry period and for 2 weeks before giving birth. For this purpose and according to the same scheme, the drug metavit is also used in a daily dose of 2 g.

When the level of vitamins in animals and feed is low, sodium selenite, barium selenite (depolene), and an oil solution of beta-carotene can be used as drugs that normalize metabolism and prevent retention of placenta and postpartum diseases. A sterile aqueous 0.5% solution in a dose of 10 ml (0.1 ml of sodium selenite per 1 kg of body weight) is administered to cows once intramuscularly 20-30 days before the expected birth. Depolen (10 ml) is administered once at the beginning of the dry period. An oil solution of beta-carotene is used intramuscularly 30-45 days before the expected calving, 40 ml per injection for 5-7 days in a row.

The maternity ward requires a room for providing obstetric care, conducting clinical and gynecological examinations and medical procedures, and a hospital for 10-12 animals for keeping sick animals. These premises must be provided with obstetric and surgical kits, other necessary instruments and medications, solutions of disinfectants, and a fixation machine.

The number of cattle places in the maternity ward should be 16% of the number of cows and heifers on the complex (farm). The placement of internal equipment and the microclimate parameters of the premises of the maternity ward (as a workshop for dry cows and heifers) are determined by the norms of technological design. The temperature in the maternity ward should be 16°C, relative humidity 70%, illumination 300 lux, permissible concentration of carbon dioxide 0.15%, ammonia 10 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide 5 mg/m3, microbial contamination 50 thousand m3, room volume at one animal 25 m.

Sections of the maternity ward are assigned permanent attendants trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and are on duty around the clock.

When keeping animals in the insemination and milking group, they provide proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, daily active exercise, communication of cows with a test bull, the correct regime of machine milking and timely detection of heat and insemination of animals, mainly in the first month after birth. Milking cows in the first month after birth is carried out gradually. The range of feeds should be varied and fully meet the animals’ needs for digestible protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. In winter, be sure to feed high-quality hay and fodder root and tuber crops.

Specific prevention of postpartum endometritis and increased reproductive function in cows.

The obtained data on the participation of IRT and VD viruses in the etiology of endometritis provided the basis for studying the effect of specific prevention of these infections on the incidence of mastitis and endometritis in cows.

For this purpose, in 11 farms with problems with gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of calves of viral etiology, clinically expressed and subclinical mastitis and gynecological diseases of cows, a bivalent live cultural virus vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea of ​​cattle was used. Experimental batches of the vaccine were produced at the Belarusian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which were used in accordance with the instructions for its use.

It was found that before the use of vaccines, the incidence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves reached 93.3-95.1%, mastitis in cows - 47.2-52.3%, endometritis - 42.9-48.0%.

In the first year of vaccine use, the incidence of pneumoentritis in calves decreased to 82.2%, in cows with mastitis to 41.1% and endometritis to 37.2%, and after 3 years, respectively, to 44.3%; 12.1% and 9.3%.

Thus, the studies conducted indicate the need to introduce specific prevention of infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea in cattle into the system of measures to combat pneumoentritis in calves, mastitis and endometritis in cows.

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Question No. 1. Hypotania, atania and subinvolution of the uterus: causes, treatment and prevention

Subinvolution of the uterus is a slowdown in the processes occurring after childbirth, its reverse development to the state inherent in this organ of non-pregnant cows. Its contractile function is weakened, the retraction of muscle fibers slows down, as a result of which atrophic-degenerative and subsequently regenerative processes inherent in the normal course of the postpartum period are disrupted. In particular, the restoration and degeneration of the coruncles, mucous membrane, blood vessels of the uterus, and ligamentous apparatus is delayed. Lochia accumulates in the uterine cavity, which causes stretching of the uterine walls and prevents their contraction. When microorganisms penetrate into the lochia, they begin to decompose, the decay products of the lochia and microbial toxins are absorbed and cause intoxication of the body.

A particular danger of uterine subinvolution is that it leads to the appearance of acute and chronic postpartum endometritis, various functional disorders of the ovaries and other pathological processes in the reproductive system and, as a result, infertility. This pathology is the most common of all postpartum diseases in cows. Particularly often, subinvolution of the uterus is recorded in the winter-spring period. There is a reduction in the period of productive use of animals, that is, their culling, so it is necessary to pay great attention to studying the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of this disease.

Uterine hypotension is a condition in which there is a significant decrease in its tone and a sharp decrease in contractility and excitability. The uterine muscle responds to mechanical, physical and drug stimuli, although the degree of these reactions is usually inadequate to the strength of the stimulus. Paradoxical reactions are often observed: the stronger the stimulus, the less pronounced the contraction and vice versa.

Uterine atony is a complete loss of tone, contractile function and excitability of the neuromuscular structures of the myometrium.

Etiology.

Subinvolution of the uterus occurs as a result of overstretching of the uterus during multiple pregnancy, large fetus, hydrops fetalis and membranes, injuries of the birth canal; in case of disruption of neurohumoral regulation in the early postpartum period, as well as as a consequence of disruption of the reflex connection between the uterus and mammary gland. Predisposition to the development of uterine subinvolution is keeping animals in dark, damp and cold rooms, inadequate feeding, improper handling, and lack of exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

There are three forms of manifestation of uterine subinvolution: acute - develops in the first days after birth and occurs in severe form; subacute - occurs in a mild form and is detected, as a rule, two to three weeks after birth; chronic -- diagnosed one month or more after birth.

When choosing treatment regimens for cows with uterine subinvolution, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the pathological process.

In case of an acute form of the disease, cows are simultaneously administered intramuscularly with estufalan in a dose of 500 mcg or clatraprostin - 2 ml, twice, with a 24-hour interval, an oil solution of sinestrol is injected intramuscularly, 4-5 ml of 1% concentration or 2-2.5 ml 2% concentration and within 4-5 days inject 40-50 units of oxytocin (pituitrin) or 5-6 ml of 0.02% solution of methylergometrine (0.05% solution of ergotal), or 2 -2.5 ml of 0.5% solution of proserin, 0.1% solution of carbacholine. Along with this, one of the means of pathogenetic stimulating therapy is used: novocaine therapy, ichthyolotherapy or hemotherapy. The highest therapeutic effect is achieved when using hyperimmune blood containing specific immunoglobulins or the biologically active drug BST-1.

To prevent the development of endometritis, it is advisable to introduce broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs into the uterine cavity once or twice. When using iso-immunohemotherapy, antimicrobial drugs are not prescribed.

In the subacute form of uterine subinvolution, the same drugs and treatment regimens are used, with the only difference that a 1% solution of sinestrol is administered only once in a dose of 3-4 ml, and antimicrobial drugs intended for administration into the uterine cavity are not apply.

For chronic subinvolution and uterine atony, along with pathogenetic general stimulating therapy (ichthyologemotherapy, tissue therapy) and myotropic drugs, prostaglandin F-2-alpha preparations and gonadotropic hormones are also prescribed. If there are functioning corpora lutea or luteal cysts in the ovaries, estuphalan 500 mcg or clathroprostin 2 ml is administered at the beginning of the course of treatment. Prostaglandins are administered again at the same dose on the 11th day in combination with a single injection of gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 2.5-3 thousand IU. With subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by ovarian hypofunction, prostaglandins (estuphalan, clathroprostin, gravoprost, gravoclatran) are administered to cows once at the beginning of the course of treatment. On the 11th day, animals are injected with only gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU.

Physiotherapeutic methods successfully use a pulsed magnetic field (GIM-V apparatus), using vaginal and external solenoids to influence the cervix and sacral area with a pulsed magnetic field with an induction of 2-2.4 Tesla, a frequency of 1 Hz, an exposure of 5 minutes with an interval 24 hours.

In all cases of uterine dysfunction, treatment of cows should be carried out against the background of organizing daily active exercise, rectal massage of the uterus for 2-3 minutes (4-5 sessions), and communication between cows and test bulls. If there are medical indications, vitamins (A, D, E, C, B) are prescribed, preparations that include iodine, selenium and other elements.

Prevention.

Improve animal feeding and provide exercise. The uterus is massaged through the rectum. Oxytocin or pituitrin is administered subcutaneously at a dose of 30-40 units, and a 1% solution of novocaine is administered intra-aortically. Intravenous injections of 20% glucose solution in a dose of 200 ml, 10% calcium chloride solution 100-150 ml, 0.5% novocaine solution 100 ml and 40% glucose solution 100 ml are prescribed 2-3 times with an interval of 48 hours.

Question No. 2. Optimal time and frequency of insemination of female farm animals during one heat

Optimal time and frequency of insemination. The choice of timing of insemination of females is one of the most important factors when organizing and conducting artificial insemination. The optimal time for insemination is the period most favorable for the sperm to meet the egg.

When choosing the timing of insemination with artificial insemination, three factors play a role: First, the ability of the egg to fertilize is quite limited (approximately 5-10 hours). After this, the egg ages, which reduces its likelihood of fusion with sperm and increases the likelihood of abnormal development and death. This circumstance determines that the sperm should already be in the animal’s genital tract by the time of ovulation.

Secondly, studies have shown that in order to connect a sperm with an egg, the sperm itself must undergo some preparatory procedure in the female genital tract, called capacitation. This is a kind of preparatory procedure for preparing the external structures of the sperm to pass through the corona radiata of the egg. The duration of this procedure in farm animals is approximately 5-6 hours. This circumstance requires the need to inject sperm into the genital tract of cows 5-6 hours before expected ovulation.

Thirdly, the viability of sperm in the female genital tract with natural coverage by the male is, on average, 24-48 hours. The viability of frozen-thawed or freshly diluted sperm is much lower, on average 12 hours. This fact requires the introduction of sperm no more than 12 hours before expected ovulation. These three factors determine the need for accurate knowledge of the timing of ovulation of the preovulatory follicle in cows and heifers. In female cattle, unlike other types of farm animals, ovulation occurs during the inhibition stage, 10-12 hours after the end of heat, in 80% of animals in the early morning hours (3-4 am). All of these factors determine the optimal period for artificial insemination of cows and heifers at the end of heat.

Since in 70% of animals the average duration of heat is 12 hours (with fluctuations from 8 to 20 hours), then if the start of heat occurs in the morning, such animals are inseminated in the evening (at 17-19 pm). If the start of the hunt is recorded in the evening, such animals are inseminated early in the morning (at 5-6 am). When inseminating dairy cows, the following rule should be observed: - insemination should be carried out before milking or two hours after it. This is due to the fact that during milking a dominant arises in the brain, preventing the suction function of the cervix, which reduces the effectiveness of artificial insemination.

An important factor in the fruitful insemination of animals, along with the choice of insemination time, is the frequency of insemination.

In accordance with the instructions, cows and heifers are inseminated twice: the first time after detection of sexual heat and the second time after 10-12 hours. If the hunt continues, additional inseminations are carried out every 12 hours, until the end of signs of heat.

Question No. 3. Techniques that increase the fertility of females

Prevention of infertility in breeding stock and increasing the yield of young animals includes a number of organizational and veterinary measures.

Success in conducting a breeding campaign and artificial insemination of animals, increasing the number of fertile inseminated queens, and increasing the yield of young animals depends on many factors. Therefore, when determining measures to improve reproduction, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the shortage of calves, lambs, piglets, and foals.

Organizational, economic, zootechnical and veterinary measures include complete, balanced feeding of animals, proper maintenance and use of breeding stock and producers.

It is very important to divide animals into groups depending on their physiological state: pregnant animals, animals in the postpartum period (up to 1 month), inseminated animals, infertile animals (not inseminated and unfertilized). By creating optimal conditions for feeding, housing and care for each group, their maximum use on the farm should be achieved. Organization of adequate feeding of the queens during pregnancy ensures normal childbirth, which, in turn, is the key to the rapid restoration of sexual cyclicity and timely insemination.

The organization of daily exercise for animals is of great importance for the prevention of infertility, the manifestation of full sexual cycles, high fertility, and the normal course of pregnancy.

Active exercise in the fresh air and the sun enhance the physiological processes in the body (breathing, blood circulation, digestion, etc.) and increase overall tone. As a result, the contractile activity of the muscles of the uterus and oviducts increases, the secretion of glands and blood supply to the genital organs increases, and the activity of the ovaries is activated, which has a beneficial effect on the manifestation of sexual function and increases fertility. The movement of females stimulates the activity of the uterus, prevents atony of the genital organs and other abnormalities, and increases the fertility of animals. It is important to provide daily exercise for cows and calves for at least 4-6 hours. It is necessary to ensure that females are regularly exposed to the air.

Solar lighting has a beneficial effect on the health of animals and increases their resistance to diseases. Under the influence of sunlight, the general tone of animals increases, gas exchange, the exchange of proteins, carbohydrates, and mineral salts improves.

Solar radiation has a beneficial effect on the skin of animals, improves blood circulation and skin nutrition and enhances its protective properties. Under the influence of ultraviolet rays of the sun, provitamin D is converted into vitamin D, and the absorption of calcium and phosphorus improves. Light exposure reduces embryonic mortality, ensures better implantation of embryos, enhances the release of progesterone and ensures better survival of embryos and the normal course of animal pregnancy.

Proper feeding of sheep in the preparatory period for the breeding season contributes to an increase in the fertility of sheep, a friendly arrival and better manifestation of sexual heat, an increase in the number of twins and the production of larger and stronger lambs. 1-2 months before the start of insemination, the lambs are separated from the uterus, and from the latter, brood flocks are formed, which are kept in the best conditions so that by the beginning of insemination they have good fatness.

All mass preventive treatments of sheep (bathing against scabies, vaccinations, etc.) should be completed no later than 1/2 month before the start of the breeding campaign.

Sows must be kept in a state of normal body condition. This will ensure not only better fertilization and development of embryos, but also the production of a large number of strong, healthy piglets.

In mares, sexual dysfunction is often a consequence of excessive use and work.

To get good results from artificial insemination (it is also very important to use only good-quality sperm), it is necessary to carefully select females in heat, inseminate them in a timely manner and strictly follow all the rules for introducing sperm, monitor cleanliness and fulfill technological and theoretical requirements when inseminating females.

To improve the fertility of females, hormonal and neurotropic drugs (FFS - pregnant mares serum, prostaglandins, carbocholine, proserin, etc.) are used as directed and under the supervision of veterinary specialists. It must be remembered that the effect of using these drugs is possible only if the animals are in normal condition.

Consequently, increasing the fertility and multiple births of females is facilitated by: biologically complete, varied feeding; strengthening the sexual function of animals by appropriate conditions; raising full-fledged healthy individuals from replacement young stock; systematic observation of females in order to timely identify their state of heat, proper organization of their insemination and monitoring its effectiveness; proper preparation of females for childbirth and the creation of normal conditions for it; veterinary observations of the health of breeding stock (gynecological examination), prevention of diseases of the genital organs in animals and their timely treatment; elimination of infectious diseases that cause infertility in animals; improving the work of state stations for breeding and artificial insemination of farm animals, timely training of relevant personnel and systematic improvement of their qualifications; correct and systematic recording of the results of insemination of cows and heifers; compliance with the material interest of livestock workers and artificial insemination specialists in achieving high rates of herd reproduction.

A comprehensive solution to all elements of herd reproduction, the introduction of scientific achievements and best practices into production can significantly increase the intensity of use of breeding stock and increase the yield of young animals.

Question No. 4. Place, essence and process of fertilization

Fertilization is a physiological process consisting of the fusion of an egg and sperm followed by their assimilation and dissimilation, resulting in the formation of a new cell (zygote) with double heredity.

During fertilization, mutual assimilation and dissimilation of the egg and sperm occurs, as a result of which neither the egg nor the sperm exists, but a new, third cell is formed - the zygote (from the Greek zygotos - united together), not identical to its two primary sources. Therefore, calling a zygote a fertilized egg, which is widely used in biology, does not correspond to reality.

The complex process of fertilization occurs in the upper third of the oviduct. Immediately before fertilization, bull sperm must remain in the abdominal part of the oviduct for at least 6 hours. During this time, they “mature” and become capable of fertilizing. This phenomenon is called capacitation (incubation) of sperm. In ram sperm, capacitation lasts 1-1.5 hours, and in boars it lasts 2-3 hours. Fertilization can only occur if there is a sufficient accumulation of sperm. Their number varies significantly even in the same species of animal. Sperm await the egg. The latter, like sperm, must “grow out.” This process also occurs in the oviduct, where the egg enters the oocyte stage. There, in the presence of active sperm, it secretes guide bodies and matures. How long it takes for an egg to “ripen” is still unclear. Sheep apparently have no more than 2 hours.

It has been established that for the normal process of fertilization, and therefore, obtaining a viable fetus, it is necessary to combine only full-fledged germ cells. Inferior gametes do not enter into the process of fertilization or enter, but the embryos die at an early stage. In this regard, the time of insemination, the age of germ cells and sperm activity are important.

Fertilization in animals consists of several stages.

The first stage, denudation, is characterized by the fact that the egg, passing through the oviduct, is freed from the follicular cells surrounding it (corona radiata). The main role in denudation belongs to sperm, which, penetrating between the cells of the follicular epithelium, secrete enzymes, mainly hyaluronidase. Due to these enzymes and still unknown factors, hyaluronic acid, which is part of the gelatinous substance that binds the cells of the corona radiata, is liquefied. The dispersal of corona radiata cells is not a specific feature, and it can occur under the influence of sperm from animals of another species. Thus, when pigs are inseminated with a mixture of bull and boar sperm, the bull sperm free the egg from the follicular cells, and only the boar sperm penetrates it. The denudation process is also facilitated by mechanical obstacles caused by the villi of the mucous membrane of the oviduct.

Complete release of the egg from the cells of the corona radiata is not necessary for fertilization. There is only enough space for sperm to penetrate through the transparent membrane of the egg into the vitelline space. This process, which constitutes the second stage of fertilization, is more specific in terms of species. At this time, the maturation of the egg ends (the release of the second guide body). The nucleus containing the haploid number of chromosomes turns into the female pronucleus.

At the third stage of fertilization, one, or less often several, sperm penetrate through the vitelline membrane of the egg into its cytoplasm. This is already a strictly specific process, since only sperm of its own species can penetrate into the egg. In this case, not the entire sperm penetrates, but only its head and neck. Having penetrated the cytoplasm of the egg, the sperm undergoes great changes. The head of the sperm quickly increases in size tens of times; Due to the assimilation of the cytoplasm of the egg, it reaches the size of the nucleus of the egg and turns into a male pronucleus, which, like the female pronucleus, has a half set of chromosomes.

At the fourth stage, the pronuclei (nuclei of the egg and sperm) gradually come closer together, come into close contact, quickly decrease in volume and completely merge. This process, the main one in fertilization, is still insufficiently studied. A qualitatively new cell (zygote) is formed, the nucleus of which contains a diploid number of chromosomes. The resulting zygote thus has double heredity. It receives a powerful incentive for further development and begins to quickly fragment. After the first division of the zygote, two blastomeres (daughter cells) are formed; both blastomeres give rise to four grandchildren, and four grandchildren give rise to eight great-grandchildren blastomeres, etc. In mammals there is no such pattern: the number of blastomeres in them, even in the initial stages, is not always even. Unlike the division of unicellular organisms, the cells resulting from the division of a zygote do not separate, but remain connected; in the first period, the overall size of the embryo does not change, therefore the division of the zygote is called fragmentation. The fragmentation of a cow zygote lasts about 8 days. During the first 4 days. crushing occurs in the oviduct, and then in one of the horns of the uterus. Already 48 hours after ovulation, the zygote consists of two blastomeres, after 72 hours - of three, after 84 hours - of six, and after 96 hours it enters the uterine horn in the morula stage. The zygote is equal in size to the egg cell or slightly larger than it, since with each fragmentation, as the number of blastomeres increases, the size of each of them decreases accordingly.

The outer layer of blastomeres adjacent to the transparent membrane is called trophoblast (feeder layer); blastomeres enclosed within a trophoblast form the embryoblast (germ layer).

Question No. 5. Time to determine pregnancy using external methods

An external pregnancy test consists of two diagnostic techniques: examining the animal and palpating the abdominal wall.

By examining the animal, you can determine a change in the contour of the abdomen, enlargement of the mammary gland, swelling of the limbs and abdominal wall (probable signs).

By palpating the abdominal wall, the true sign of pregnancy is revealed - the detection of a fetus.

In a cow, the abdominal wall is palpated on the right with the palm of the left hand along a line from the knee joint to the hypochondrium.

In a mare, palpation is done on the left with the palm of the right hand along the line connecting the knee joint to the navel. In this case, the other hand is placed on the back of the animal being studied.

In small animals, the abdominal wall is usually palpated with both hands simultaneously on both sides.

Signs of pregnancy in cows. Probable signs: absence of estrus and heat after insemination, a gradual increase in the volume of the abdomen in the lower part and slightly to the right.

True signs: from the 5-6th month of pregnancy, movement and hard parts of the fetus, most often in the area of ​​the right abdominal wall along a line running from the knee joint forward to the hypochondrium, and in very rare cases on the left between the scar and the left abdominal wall.

Signs of pregnancy in mares. Possible signs: absence of estrus and heat after insemination, gradual increase in abdominal volume from below and on the left, less often on the right (from the middle of pregnancy). True signs: movement and hard parts of the fetus (detected from the 6-7th month of pregnancy).

Signs of mating in sheep and goats. Lack of another hunt. In the second half of the disease: enlargement and protrusion of the right side of the abdomen; You can feel the fruits through the abdominal walls. Towards the end of pregnancy, the vulva and udder swell and the separation of colostrum begins.

Non-laying sheep and goats do not have these signs.

Signs of pregnancy in pigs. Lack of another hunt. Gradual increase in abdominal volume. In the third month and later, in lean pigs it is sometimes possible to palpate the fruits. Towards the end of pregnancy, redness and swelling of the udder and then separation of colostrum are noted.

Question No. 6. Uterine bleeding: causes, diagnosis and help

Uterine bleeding (Haematometra). Bleeding from the uterus due to damage to blood vessels occurs in cows, mares, goats, and rarely in animals of other species. The vessels of the chorion, the mucous membrane of the uterus, or the circulatory systems of the fetus and mother simultaneously can be opened into the uterine cavity. The immediate causes of uterine bleeding can be uterine bruises, the pathogenic influence of pathogens and invasions, disorders of the endocrine system (the occurrence of estrus during pregnancy), disorders of mineral metabolism and A-hypovitaminosis. Sometimes bleeding is a consequence of endometritis. In 3-5% of cows and heifers, bleeding from the uterus most often occurs during or on the first or third day after the end of the excitation stage due to diapedesis and rupture of blood vessels.

Clinical signs. Manifested by periodic or constant bleeding from the genitals. Minor bleeding does not affect the general condition of the animal, and only sometimes can one observe some anxiety, as with mild colic. With severe bleeding, signs of general anemia appear.

Diagnosis. To make a diagnosis, you must first make sure that the blood is coming from the uterus and not from the vagina. To do this, use a vaginal speculum to examine the mucous membrane of the vagina and the vaginal part of the cervix. If the vaginal cavity is filled with blood, it must be removed, wipe the cervix with a tampon using a forceps and monitor the release of blood from it. As a rule, with uterine bleeding, blood clots are detected in the vagina, but with vaginal bleeding they do not form.

Forecast. always doubtful, since it is difficult to determine the nature of the bleeding and its source. In a cow with a multiple placenta, even significant hemorrhages often pass without particularly harmful consequences: blood accumulates between the placentas without disrupting the placental connection. If the bleeding does not end with the expulsion of the fetus, the spilled blood is partially resorbed and partially calcified, turning into uterine sand. In mares, blood flowing between the maternal and fetal parts of the placenta easily separates them and causes abortion. The outcome of bleeding depends on its nature (arterial, venous, capillary) and on the type of animal.

Treatment. Stop bleeding. For this purpose, the animal is given complete rest, placed on a sloping forward place, and after the diagnosis is established, all examinations through the vagina and rectum are stopped. Distracting rubbing of sharp ointments on the chest, forelimbs and a cold compress on the sacrum work well. Good results are obtained with chloral hydrate (per os) and morphine injections (mares), in cows - intramuscular or intravenous injections of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 2 g daily for 3-5 days, intravenous administration of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate 10% 150-200 ml, use of Vikasol (vitamin K) orally and intramuscularly 0.1-0.3 g 2-3 times a day. In cases of acute anemia, they resort to blood transfusion or saline infusion. A. S. Kashin recommends intravenous infusions of a 1% solution of ichthyol at the rate of 1 ml per 3 kg of live weight, but not more than 150 ml. Camphor, caffeine and other cardiac medications are contraindicated. In case of severe bleeding, it is advisable to perform an artificial abortion followed by the use of ergot preparations and other uterine products.

Question No. 7. Periods of labor

Childbirth is a physiological process aimed at removing a mature fetus from the mother’s body. The forces that ensure the removal of the fetus from the uterine cavity are contractions of the uterine muscles - contractions - and contractions of the abdominal muscles - pushing. Contractions and attempts at first are rare, weak and short and are replaced by pauses of rest. Then their frequency, strength and duration gradually increase, and the resting pauses shorten. During childbirth, the load on the mother's entire body increases greatly.

Childbirth occurs in three periods.

In the first period, called the period of cervical dilatation, a gradual dilation of the cervix occurs under the influence of contractions. After it, the period of excretion, or expulsion, of the fetus begins under the influence of contractions and attempts, spreading towards the cervix. After the fetus is delivered under the influence of contractions, the period of expulsion, or discharge, of the placenta begins.

Caring for a newborn.

In a newborn, first of all, clean the nostrils and mouth of mucus with clean gauze and begin processing the umbilical cord. If the umbilical cord does not break on its own during the delivery of the fetus, then wait a few minutes until its pulsation stops, bandage it with a thick silk or other strong thread 8-12 cm from the abdominal wall and bandage it, retreating 2-3 cm from the place of bandaging. The end of the umbilical cord is dipped into a jar with tincture of iodine or other disinfectant liquid. In herds that are free from infectious diseases, the umbilical cord of newborn animals does not need to be tied.

After tying the umbilical cord, the newborn is wiped dry with a clean rag, hay, straw, or (in prosperous households) placed next to the mother for licking. Then he is wrapped in a blanket or blanket and placed in a cage or dispensary. The newborn is fed colostrum within the first hour after birth, then every 4-6 hours at least 4-6 times a day until the appetite is completely satisfied.

After calving, cows are given warm water and hay, their bodies are wiped with bundles of hay or straw and wrapped. The first milking is timed to coincide with the watering of the calf (30-40 minutes after birth). It is necessary to monitor the separation of the placenta and measure the body temperature of the cow.

Cows are normally released for walks from the 2-6th day after calving (depending on their condition).

Postpartum period

The postpartum period is considered the time from the moment of expulsion of the placenta until the restoration of the genital tract. During this period, postpartum discharge (lochia) is gradually released from the uterus, the mucous membrane of the uterus is restored, the caruncles are reduced, and the uterus contracts and returns to the pelvic cavity. In the ovaries, the growth and maturation of successive follicles with germ cells included in them begins.

The postpartum period lasts 14-21 days for cows, 8-12 days for mares. Lochia is secreted in cows for up to 15 days, from the 7-8th day they acquire the character of mucus; in mares - from the 3-5th day. Extension of this period is an indicator of disruption of the postpartum period.

Question No. 8. Clinical picture and treatment of animals with various forms of vaginitis and vulvitis

This is an inflammatory process of the vulva, vestibule and vagina. According to the form of exudate, there are serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, fibrinous (diphtheritic form), hemorrhagic, gangrenous, and according to the course - acute and chronic.

Causes. Traumatic injuries and infection during insemination, obstetrics, in the postpartum phase, with increased inflammation from the endometrium and other parts of the birth canal. Inflammatory processes of the external reproductive organs are formed during infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (pustular vulvovaginitis), campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis and other infectious diseases.

Symptoms The animal is depressed, stands with its back arched and its tail raised. Urine excretion is accelerated, painful, accompanied by straining. The vulva is swollen. Exudate emanates from the genital slit. When it dries, crusts form on the tail and ischial tuberosities. The mucous membranes are swollen, red, with hemorrhages, erosions and ulcers.

With serous inflammation, a liquid, yellowish, slightly opalescent exudate is exuded. In case of catarrhal disease, the surface of the mucous membrane is pale, covered with cloudy mucous exudate. When purulent, white, yellow or yellow-brown (admixed with blood) pus is generously exuded.

With diphtheritic inflammation, there is an increase in body temperature, the exudate is dirty yellowish in color with a significant content of fibrin, fibrinous films are densely fused to the surface of the inflamed tissue, are difficult to remove, and deep red edematous ulcers open underneath them.

Differential diagnosis from infectious diseases is determined according to epizootological and laboratory studies.

Treatment. Spray with emulsions of antiseptic and astringent preparations (potassium permanganate 1:500-1:1000, ethacridine lactate 1:1000, furatsilin 1:5000, ichthyol three percent, zinc sulfate 0.5-1%, silver nitrate 0.5% , collargol 0.5-3%, albargine 1-2%, etc.). Erosions, wounds, ulcers are cauterized with a 1-5% aqueous or alcohol solution of silver nitrate, 5-10% tincture of iodine, 3-5% alcohol solution of tannin.

The mucous membranes are treated with antiseptic ointments (streptocidal, syntomycin, tetracycline, ichthyol, iodoform). In case of severe pain, low sacral anesthesia is performed.

At the same time, with local treatment they use general antiseptic and symptomatic therapy, improve nutrition and maintenance.

Warning. Strictly adhere to veterinary and sanitary rules when keeping farm animals, insemination, childbirth and the postpartum period.

Question No. 9. Basic principles of obstetric care

Abnormal births in farm animals often require obstetric intervention. Its goal seems to be to save the life of the mother and fetus. Often in veterinary practice, due to need, the obstetrician must choose between them.

When providing obstetric care, the rules of asepsis and antisepsis are strictly observed.

Main principles of obstetric care:

obstetric care is carried out taking into account the morphological characteristics of the fetus and the maternal birth canal (the most difficult areas of the fetus are the head, shoulder girdle and pelvis; the birth canal is the bony pelvis, cervix, vulva);

to correct abnormal positions, positions and articulations, obstetric loops are placed on all presenting parts of the fetus and pushed into the uterus;

actions to correct the position and position of the fetus are carried out in the intervals between contractions and attempts; during this operation, local or general anesthesia is used;

remove the fetus during pushing and contractions with the force of no more than 3-4 people;

in case of twins, the top fetus is removed first; if it is impossible to provide assistance with conservative methods, a caesarean section or fetotomy is used without delay.

Question No. 10. Amputation of a prolapsed uterus

All factors leading to relaxation of the ligamentous apparatus predispose to uterine prolapse - overstretching of the uterus, hydrops of the fetus and membranes, multiple births, as well as violation of basic rules of husbandry, inadequate feeding of pregnant females or feeding of bulky foods. Sometimes inversion and prolapse of the uterus can occur as a result of forcible removal of the fetus, especially when the birth canal is dry and the umbilical cord is short but strong. More often, the uterus falls out at the time of separation of the placenta, especially if the contractions are accompanied by pushing.

In case of complete prolapse of the uterus, sacral anesthesia is first performed (15-20 ml of a 1% novocaine solution is injected between the first and second caudal vertebrae).

The retained placenta is separated. The uterus is thoroughly washed with cold disinfectant solutions (furacilin 1: 5000, potassium permanganate 1: 5000, etc.). Dead areas are cauterized with lapis or smeared with iodine solution, and catgut sutures are placed on deep wounds of the uterus. The cow and mare are placed so that the croup is raised, and sheep and goats are lifted by the pelvic limbs, pigs are fixed in a special machine or on a portable ladder. The uterus is grasped with both hands at the vulva and carefully inserted into the pelvic cavity. Hands are gradually moved towards the top of the fallen horn. In case of severe swelling, the uterus is preliminarily bandaged in the direction from the apex to the vulva and pressed into the pelvic cavity, gradually freeing it from the bandage. After repositioning the uterus, the hand is inserted into its cavity and the resulting folds are straightened. In addition, stroking the mucous membrane with your hand increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus, which helps keep it in its normal position. Antimicrobial agents are injected into the uterine cavity. To prevent recurrent uterine prolapse, the vulva is stitched or secured with a loop, as in the case of vaginal prolapse.

A severely injured and necrotic uterus is amputated. You must first check for the absence of intestines in the uterine cavity, especially in pigs. Then apply a ligature (twine or twine) 5-6 mm thick at a distance of 12-15 cm from the neck. The ligature is tightened in 3-4 steps at intervals of 5-6 minutes to achieve complete clamping. Having retreated 10 cm from the ligature, the uterus is amputated, and the stump is cauterized and lubricated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. For better compression and to prevent the restoration of blood circulation in the stump, a rubber tourniquet is applied next to the ligature. The stump, together with the ligature, falls off after 10-15 days and is separated outward.

Question No. 11. The importance of external and internal factors in the etiology of udder diseases

Udder diseases are especially common in cows. These diseases cause great damage to dairy farming, since milk often becomes unfit for consumption. Milk production decreases. Some udder diseases are incurable and cause a complete cessation of milk production, as a result of which cows have to be culled.

Of the diseases of the udder and nipples, the most important are: inflammation, bruise and swelling of the udder, as well as furunculosis, tightness, milk incontinence and cracks in the nipples.

Inflammation of the udder (mastitis). Mastitis most often occurs in cows in the first half of lactation. Depending on the cause, the nature of the inflammatory process and the degree of damage to the udder, mastitis occurs in various forms.

Causes. The main causes of mastitis are: penetration of microbes through the blood and lymphatic pathways into the udder tissue due to diseases of the uterus, intestines, udder skin, etc. penetration of microbes through the nipple canal into the milk ducts and alveoli of the udder (when kept on a dirty floor, contamination of the udder), skin diseases udder; violation of milking rules, unsanitary condition of milking machines, overexposure of teat cups to the teats, incomplete milking, incorrect start-up. Mastitis can occur with some infectious diseases (for example, foot and mouth disease, etc.).

Udder swelling. Stagnation in the udder is more often observed in high-yielding cows, especially in first-calf heifers in the first days after calving. This swelling leaves no trace and goes away within a few days. At the same time, udder swelling can also be a consequence of a disease (see udder bruise).

Causes. Disorders of blood circulation and lymph circulation in the udder during the last period of pregnancy, increased influx and stagnation of blood in the udder.

Udder bruise. Signs. When palpating the udder, an increase in local temperature, soreness, hyperemia, and swelling are detected; Sometimes they notice bruising and blood mixed into the milk.

Milk retention. Causes. Rough handling of the animal, change of milkmaid, exposure to other factors that reflexively cause the cessation of milk production.

Narrowing (stiffness) and fusion of the nipple canal. Causes. Tightness can develop due to narrowing of the nipple opening as a result of hypertrophy or contraction of its circular muscle (sphincter). Narrowing and overgrowth of the canal can also be caused by inflammation or wounds (tear or rupture due to rough milking and careless insertion of a catheter into the nipple) of the mucous membrane, followed by scarring of the tissue in the canal or at the tip of the nipple, and neoplasms in the nipple canal.

Milk incontinence. Causes. Spontaneous release of milk may result from relaxation or even paralysis of the sphincter that closes the nipple canal. This may be caused by disorders of the nervous system, as well as injuries and inflammatory processes.

Udder furunculosis. Causes. The same as with furunculosis on other areas of the skin - penetration of microbes into the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the udder skin.

Cracks in the udder skin. Causes. Cracks in the skin can form due to impaired elasticity of the skin due to constant humidity and contamination of the udder. The same thing happens if the udder is not lubricated, or with rough milking (pinching).

Prevention of udder diseases

1. Ensure that the floor and bedding in the barn and milking area are clean and dry.

2. Make sure that milkmaids wash their hands and dry them with a clean towel before milking each cow; washed the udder with a separate portion of warm water before milking, wiped it dry with a clean towel and lubricated it; The cow was milked promptly and correctly and the udder was massaged.

3. Eliminate impersonality in milking cows.

4. Follow the rules of mechanical milking (preparing the udder and teats, timely removal of teat cups, keeping milking machines clean and in good working order, etc.).

5. Avoid wounds, cracks, abrasions, chemical and thermal burns of the udder.

6. Organize the gradual release of cows.

7. Be careful when catheterizing the udder and blowing air into the udder.

8. Do not allow cows with mastitis from other farms to enter the common barnyard.

9. If possible, isolate cows with mastitis and milk them last in a separate container. Do not milk the affected quarter onto the floor. Milk the affected quarter of the udder after healthy ones and be sure to destroy the altered milk milked from it.

10. Isolate or separate cows that have pathological discharge from the genital tract.

Question No. 12. Main causes and classification of infertility in females

female insemination infertility uterus

There are four main types of infertility: congenital, senile, acquired and artificial.

1-Congenital infertility is associated with deviations in the structure of the reproductive apparatus that occur during the prenatal and postpartum periods due to disorders of the nervous system, endocrine glands, or during inbreeding.

2- Senile infertility occurs as a result of age-related changes in the reproductive system.

The most common diseases are the uterus and ovaries.

4-Infertility occurs due to insufficient, excessive, inadequate feeding or feeding of poor quality feed.

Insufficient nutrition leads to exhaustion of animals. Their sexual cycles are disrupted or become defective. One-sided feeding, especially concentrated feeding, leads to disruption of the reproductive cycle, abortion and the birth of non-viable young animals. Excessive feeding, especially without exercise, causes ovarian obesity and impaired ovarian function. The cause of infertility may also be a lack of vitamins (especially A), minerals, microelements, etc. in the diet.

5-Operational infertility occurs when cows are started late, heifers are prematurely inseminated, or dairy feeds are given without sufficient hay and other components of the diet.

6- Climatic infertility develops under unfavorable climatic conditions; lack or excess of sunlight, high temperature, high humidity and air pollution.

7-Artificial infertility occurs when incorrect or untimely insemination during estrus and hunting or skipping them; failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic conditions during artificial insemination.

Only a qualified veterinarian can correctly understand the causes of infertility and carry out appropriate treatment. He will also give the correct recommendations for the prevention of infertility, taking into account specific conditions.

Bibliography

1. A.P. Students, V.S. Shipilov, V.Ya. Nikitin and others / Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of reproduction / M.: "Kolos", 2000 - 495 p.

2.N.M. Altukhov, V.I. Afanasyeva, B.A. Bashkirov et al. / A short reference book for a veterinarian. / M.: Agropromizdat, 1990 - 574 p.

3. Veterinary medicine 12*2008 / Solovyova O. I., Kaufman O. / Electronic system for diagnosing subclinical mastitis of cows.

4. Veterinary medicine 12*2008/ Klimov N.T., Parikov V.A., Slobodyanik V.I. and others/The role of microbial factor in the occurrence and development in cows.

5. Instructions for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mastitis in cows. No. 13-5-2/1948 dated March 30, 2000.

6. http://webmvc.com/bolezn/livestock/tocology/invprol.php

7. Golikova A.N. "Physiologists of farm animals." M: Agropromizdat, 1991.

8. Shipilov V.S., Zvereva G.V. and others. “Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and artificial insemination of farm animals.” M: Agropromizdat, 1988.

9. Shipilov V.S. , Studentsov A.P. and others. “Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of reproduction.” M: Kolos, 1999.

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