Cattle tympania. Tympany of the rumen in cattle

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

"ORENBURG STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY"

Course work on internal non-communicable diseases

Topic: Acute rumen tympania (tympania ruminus acuta)

Completed:

Veterinary Faculty Student

Medicine and Biotechnology

51 B group

Durnev Alexander Sergeevich.

Checked:

Orenburg 2009

Etiology………………………………………………………………………………….…3

Pathogenesis………………………………………………………………………………..5

Symptoms……………………………………………………………………………….6

Diagnosis……………………………………………………………………………….7

Differential diagnosis……………………………………………………………..7

Forecast……………………………………………………………………………………….7

Treatment………………………………………………………………………………….8

Prevention…………………………………………………………….10

References………………………………………………………11

Acute rumen tympania (tympania ruminus acuta)

Acute tympany of the scar (from the Greek tympanon
- drum), rumen flatulence, rumen bloating - rapidly developing rumen swelling due to increased gas formation with a decrease or cessation of regurgitation of gases. The disease is characterized
excessive accumulation of gases in the rumen cavity of ruminants. Tympany is usually divided into: acute, subacute and chronic. However, in practice, a distinction is made between simple (presence of free gases) and foamy tympania.

Etiology .

Primary acute scar tympany occurs as a result of:

1.feeding animals a large amount of easily fermented feed;

2. a sharp change in diets - a transition from feeding dry food to succulent food, usually during the transition from stall housing to pasture;

3.immediately introducing large quantities of silage and other succulent feed into the diet;

4. watering before feeding with succulent food;

5. as a result of greedy and abundant eating of spoiled, sour, frozen and moldy food (grass after rain, covered with dew, mowed and lying in windrows, sour and rotten food, as well as blockage of the esophagus);

6. The cause of acute tympania can be atony as a result of the toxic effect of plant poisons of such harmful plants as aconite, autumn colchicum, borer, poisonous wech, buttercups, etc. The course of the disease is complicated by constipation.

Acute, less often chronic tympany of the scar is observed more often. Primary acute rumen tympany often occurs in animals directly on pasture when they eat or are fed a large amount of easily fermented feed (clover, alfalfa, vetch, seedlings of winter cereals, waxy corn cobs, cabbage and beet leaves, legumes, potato and beet tops , cabbage leaves, stillage, grain feed, green mass, rye), especially if they are moistened by rain, dew or covered with frost. In such cases, the disease can be widespread. Concentrates, frozen root crops, poor-quality silage, stillage, bagasse, spent grain, moldy hay, juicy green feed warmed in heaps, etc. pose a great danger.

In calves, tympania can occur when greedily consuming large amounts of skim milk, whey, or buttermilk.

The occurrence of the disease is facilitated by a sharp transfer of animals from stall housing to pasture, from feeding with roughage to succulent feed, as well as fatigue, exhaustion of animals, the presence of hypotension and atony of the proventriculus.

The physical cause of foamy rumen tympania is the high viscosity and surface tension of the rumen fluid. Foaming is promoted by saponins, pectin substances, pectin methylesterases, hemicelluloses and non-volatile fatty acids.

Secondary acute tympany of the rumen can occur with blockage of the esophagus, certain poisonings, and infectious diseases (anthrax).

Pathogenesis.

Changes in the physicochemical properties of the rumen contents, especially with a sharp change in feed, entail a change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the rumen microflora, changing its functional activity. A change in the composition of the microflora leads to a change in fermentation and, if putrefactive and gas-forming organisms predominate, to the formation of large quantities of gas. Increased gas formation is not in itself a cause of bloating, since gas is removed by belching. In the pathogenesis of tympany, disruption of the belching reflex and the development of rumen atony are of great importance. The disruption of belching is due to the fact that the resulting gases do not have time to be removed from the body and accumulate in the upper parts of the rumen, and feed masses and liquid - in the vestibule of the rumen, blocking the gases from entering the esophagus, since the cardinal opening is located relatively low (gas tympany). In this regard, the motor function of the organ is disrupted and belching of gases stops. When eating food with a high content of saponins, pectin, protein and other surfactants, the surface tension of the blood and its viscosity increases. The resulting gas bubbles can no longer rise to the top, but mix with the liquid, forming a stable foam. It mixes with the contents of the rumen and gives persistence to gas bubbles (foamy tympania). Belching becomes difficult or impossible. The gas overstretches the walls of the rumen, the baroreceptors are irritated by the increased gas pressure on them, therefore, the motility of the rumen reflexively increases. This short-term increase in motor activity is replaced by long-term inhibition. The rumen contractions stop. A scar stretched by gases makes it difficult to breathe, the work of the heart, and compresses the abdominal organs, which causes stagnation of blood in the front part of the body.

Symptoms .

The disease develops quickly: the animal is worried, looks at its stomach, often lies down and gets up quickly, refuses food and water, chewing cud and belching stop, the volume of the abdomen increases, and the hunger pit is leveled out. Breathing is tense, shallow, rapid. The eyes are bulging, the animal shows fear. There is a refusal to feed and anxiety. At times the animal stands motionless, looking back at its stomach. During this period, increased intestinal motility is observed. The act of defecation is increased. Soon the volume of the abdomen increases. Then the volume of the abdomen increases so much that the left hungry fossa protrudes. The abdominal walls are tense, the consistency is elastic. During palpation, scar movements are not felt, peristaltic noises are not heard. Sounds of crepitus are heard. Percussion of the scar produces a tympanic sound with a metallic tint. Intestinal peristalsis weakens or stops completely. Feces are released with strong straining in small quantities. Later, bowel movements stop completely. The gait becomes unsteady, and drooling appears from the open mouth. The animals groan, shift from limb to limb. Tympany disrupts not only the functioning of the digestive organs, but also, as a result of a significant increase in the size of the stomach, has a negative effect on other organs of the chest and abdominal cavity: heart, liver, intestines. As the abdominal volume increases, signs of cardiac and respiratory failure increase (shortness of breath, chest breathing, tachycardia, weak pulse). All this significantly worsens the general condition of the animal.

As tympany increases, the movements of the rumen stop, breathing quickens, reaching 60-80 movements per minute, the pulse increases to 100 beats per minute or more. The ability for active movement is lost.

With severe tympany of the scar, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, weakening and increased heart rate, and shortness of breath are noted; colic is possible.. Coldness of the ears and extremities indicates the extreme severity of the disease and an unfavorable prognosis. The duration of the illness ranges from one to several hours.

The disease can be fatal within 2-3 hours. The most dangerous is foamy tympany.

Diagnosis. Diagnosis is based on medical history and characteristic clinical symptoms. It is important to distinguish primary from secondary tympany, simple from foamy. The latter develops when eating large quantities of clover, vetch, and alfalfa.

Differential diagnosis

The diagnosis of “tympany” can be made easily, but a very important task is the differential diagnosis from secondary tympany due to blockage of the esophagus and overflow of the rumen. If there is a blockage in the esophagus, it is enough to detect a body in it. When the rumen is full, the course of the disease is less violent, the swelling of the left hungry fossa is insignificant, and the abdominal walls are less elastic than with tympania. The percussion sound over the entire surface of the scar is dull, only in the area of ​​the hungry fossa can it be tympanic. One should not forget about rumen tympany in acute poisoning.

With timely treatment, the prognosis for acute rumen tympania is favorable, the animal recovers in the vast majority of cases, but with delayed treatment, death from asphyxia is possible.

Treatment .

The choice of treatment method for an animal depends on the degree of development of the disease. With moderate gas tympany, the fermentation of the masses in the rumen is first stopped, and then the gases are removed from it. Medical assistance must be provided immediately. It is necessary to remove already formed gases and stop fermentation processes in the feed masses contained in the rumen. Fermentation processes in the rumen are suppressed by intravenous administration of solutions of ichthyol, tympanol, Lysol, creolin or formalin, and by dousing the left abdominal wall with cold water. To absorb gases, you can also use activated carbon (one teaspoon of crushed tablets mixed with 200 ml of water). Along with this, agents that destroy foam (sunflower, castor or vaseline oil) are prescribed internally. In addition, they have a laxative effect and thereby accelerate the evacuation of contents from the gastrointestinal tract. Gases are removed from the animal through a tube or by stimulating it to burp. You can try to restore belching. To do this, the animal, positioned with the front part of the body raised, rhythmically extends its tongue or puts a straw tourniquet into its mouth, as if “bridling” the animal. It is useful to massage the abdomen. M.K. To remove gases, Groshev (1944) recommends lifting the animal by its forelimbs until it is in a vertical standing position. The feed masses that block the exit of gases are displaced. Gases come out. A gentle massage of the rumen promotes the release of gases. Probing and rinsing of the rumen is also indicated to release gases. Belching, as a rule, appears when leading an animal uphill, as a result of massaging the rumen with a fist or rhythmically stretching the tongue with a hand. During probing, the front of the animal's body should be higher than the back. When cardiac activity is weakened, subcutaneous administration of caffeine in a dose of 0.5-2.0 ml or sulfocamphocaine in a dose of 1.0-2.0 ml is indicated. Using an oroesophageal rubber hose with a diameter of 3-4 cm, the rumen is freed from gases and 0.5 liters of a 2-3% solution of ichthyol or 1 liter of a 4% formaldehyde solution are injected. Magnesia is also given orally in a dose of 20-30 g with 0.5 liters of water or a 1% solution of acetic or lactic acid. If the above treatment methods do not give positive results, then call a veterinarian who punctures the scar in the area of ​​the left hungry fossa. When overfeeding with concentrates, rumen swelling often occurs due to the formation of a foamy mass. To treat cows with this form of tympania, 0.5-1 liters of sunflower oil or 0.2 g of tympanol, previously dissolved in 2-3 liters of water, is poured through the mouth.

When tympania threatens the life of the animal, gases are immediately removed from the rumen. For this purpose, it is pierced with a trocar or probed. Then the animal is prescribed drugs that stop the fermentation of the masses and destroy the foam. To remove gases from the rumen, the following manipulations are used: probing; inducing belching by bridling the animal with a thick rope; as a last resort, puncture the scar with a trocar or thick needle. For gas adsorption, fresh milk is used - up to 3 liters per dose, animal charcoal powder, magnesium oxide - 20 g per cow and other adsorbents. As antifermentation agents, 10-20 g of ichthyol, 160-200 ml of tympanol in 2 liters of water, alcohol, and oral antibiotics are prescribed. For foamy tympania, a mixture of vegetable oil (up to 500 ml) with alcohol (100 ml), ichthyol (30 g) is administered. Scar massage is indicated for 10-15 minutes.

If all measures to remove gases are ineffective or the animal is in danger of dying from asphyxia, then immediately puncture the scar with a trocar for small cattle or a bloodletting needle. This is ineffective if the tympania is foamy. In the case of foamy tympania, it is converted to gas tympania by introducing antifoam agents into the rumen. This property is possessed by ordinary vegetable or liquid mineral oils (dose up to 50 ml), whole fresh milk (250-500 ml with the addition of 0.5-2 ml of valerian tincture). A very effective remedy is timpanol (dose of about 50 ml). Kerosene, creolin, Lysol and turpentine also have defoaming properties, but they sharply inhibit the vital activity of ciliates and, during forced slaughter, the use of these substances negatively affects the quality of meat.

After eliminating tympania, the animal is prescribed a 12-24-hour starvation diet, and then easily digestible feed (silage, hay, beets) is given in small portions, and concentrates are gradually introduced into the diet.

Recovered animals are kept on a semi-starved diet for 1-3 days. During this period, it is recommended to give bitters (gentian root, dill seeds, etc.), add medium salts to the feed (sodium or magnesium sulfate in a dose of 3-12 g per dose, 2-3 times a day). With timely treatment, the symptoms of bloating quickly disappear, but the function of the proventriculus is restored only after 3-5 days

Prevention

Control over the quality of feed, the order of feeding, proper change of rations and compliance with grazing rules. The transfer of animals from stabling to grazing is carried out gradually. Before pasture with abundant grass, they are fed with less succulent and dry food. Animals are not allowed to graze on pastures with leguminous grasses during frosts, dew, after rain, or during the flowering period of plants. Concentrated feed is fed after providing roughage (hay, straw, silage) and some time after watering. You can’t drive hungry animals out onto young alfalfa and clover. It is advisable for calves to drink milk feed from a teat drinker.

Bibliography:

1. Anokhin B.M., Danilevsky V.M., Zamarin L.G. and others. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. -
2. Ionov P.S., Kabysh A.A., Tarasov I.I. and others. Internal non-communicable diseases of cattle. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.
3. Karput I.M., Torokhov F.F., Abramov S.S. and others. Non-communicable diseases of young animals. - Mn.: Urajai, 1989.
4. Krasnov I.P., Mityushin V.V. Workshop on internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. - M.: Kolos, 1980.
5. Pavlov M.E., Merzlenko R.A., Guidelines for performing medical history in internal diseases of animals. - Belgorod, 1996.
6. Pavlov M.E., Zuev N.P. Course of lectures on internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals.
7. Tarasov I.I., Kondrakhin I.P., Ilyin V.G. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1987..
8. Tarasov I.I. Internal non-contagious diseases of young farm animals: Textbook. - Saratov, 1991.
9. Sharabrin I.G., Alikaev V.A., Zamarin L.G. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.
10. Heidrich H.D., Grouper I.Z. Diseases of cattle / Transl. with him. E.S. Presnyakova, ed. V.A. Breadless. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

The feed entering the rumen undergoes processes of softening, autofermentation and fermentation with the participation of symbionts. As a result, various gases are formed, especially carbon dioxide, accounting for 60-70%, methane - 20-30%, nitrogen and hydrogen - 5-10% and hydrogen sulfide up to 1%. They are formed mainly in the first hours after feeding and especially when animals eat easily fermented feed and take large amounts of water soon after eating such feed. The intensity of gas formation in the rumen is high and can reach 25-30 liters in 30 minutes.

Rice. 31
Tympany of the rumen of a cow

With a well-functioning belching reflex, the main part of the resulting gases leaves through the cardiac sphincter and the esophagus to the outside, and the intensity of this process is up to 5 liters per minute and no bloating occurs. In connection with this circumstance, it should be concluded that the main limiting factor in the occurrence of rumen tympany is not so much the consumption of large quantities of easily fermented feed and the increased formation of gas, but the suppression of the process of their removal from the rumen that occurs against this background, due to spasms of the pyloric, and then reflex and cardiac sphincters. It is believed that this may be a consequence of a decrease in the excitability of the reflexogenic zone of the vestibule of the rumen, where the cardiac sphincter is located, due to the properties of the feed mass, as well as an excessive increase in pressure in the forestomach system caused by a large amount of feed, water and gases.
Foamy tympany occurs mainly when animals eat large quantities of concentrated (grain) feed. The main importance in the development of the disease is given to the rapid development in the rumen of microorganisms that use the cytoplasm of grain feed and substances such as saponins contained in them as a nutrient medium, the amount of which increases 10-15 times when grain is ground. The microflora then secretes these substances in the form of mucus, which mixes with water and gases and forms a foamy mass. Abundant formation of foam in the feed mass of the rumen and mesh leads to partial or complete blocking of the regurgitation mechanism.
Symptoms The earliest signs of the disease are cessation of food intake, drooling, an increase in abdominal volume and increasing anxiety of the animals. They moo, look at their stomachs, and kick. Body temperature remains within normal limits, breathing quickens up to 80-100 times per minute, becomes superficial and chest-type, cyanosis of the mucous membranes appears, coldness of the peripheral parts of the body - ears, limbs. As gases accumulate in the rumen, significant bittern occurs
the area of ​​the left hungry fossa is weakened and asymmetry of the torso occurs. Contractions of the scar at the beginning of the disease intensify and become more frequent, then gradually weaken, and with the development of its paresis, they disappear. Percussion of the abdominal wall gives a boxy sound with a metallic tint in case of gas tympany and atympanic in case of foamy tympany, palpation - its increased tension.
Pathomorphological changes. When autopsying corpses, it is discovered that the scar is greatly stretched, its walls are tense. It contains mushy feed mass and a large amount of gases. The abdominal organs are compressed and anemic. There is a rush of blood to the intestines and lungs. The right side of the heart, veins and saphenous veins are filled with blood.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Easy to install. The etiology, clinical symptoms and the speed of their development are very characteristic. When differentiating the disease, tympany, which occurs when the esophagus is completely blocked, should be taken into account as a secondary phenomenon. Differentiation in this case is based on medical history and the detection of a foreign body in the esophagus. Overfilling of the rumen with feed masses is excluded on the basis of anamnesis, time of development of the disease and the results of clinical studies.
It is important to differentiate between gas and foamy tympania, since the treatment approaches for them differ in many respects. The following four methods are proposed for this.
1. Palpation of the area of ​​the left hungry fossa. With gas tympany, only tension in the abdominal wall will be detected, while with foamy tympany there will also be crepitus, due to the bursting of bubbles in the foamy mass of the scar when pressing on it.
2.Percussion. With gas tympany there will be a boxy sound with a metallic tint, with foamy tympany it will be atympanic.
3.Puncture the scar in the area of ​​the left hungry fossa with a bleeding needle or trocar. With gas tympania, gas freely escapes through the needle or trocar sleeve, while with foamy tympania, their lumen is almost immediately closed by a foamy mass and its discharge stops.
4.
Probing the scar. With gas tympany the results will be positive, with foamy tympania the results will usually be negative, since the foamy mass passes with difficulty or does not pass through the probe.
Forecast. If medical assistance is provided in a timely manner, it is favorable. The danger of the disease is that it can develop very quickly (within 1-8 hours) and simultaneously in a large number of animals, which makes it difficult to provide them with medical care. Under these conditions, the death of animals is possible from asphyxia, and sometimes from rupture of the rumen and abdominal wall.
Treatment. First of all, they try to free the rumen from gases and limit their formation. To do this, it is recommended to position the animal so that the front part of the body
was higher than the back. To remove gases, a Cherkasov probe or a rubber hose with a diameter of 3-4 cm is inserted into the rumen. Sheep and goats can be placed in a vertical position by placing them on their hind legs. Belching in animals can be caused by rhythmically stretching the tongue or bridling with a rope, stick or straw cord, lubricated with tar, ichthyol or other irritating agents - ointments or emulsions (Fig. 32).

After the end of treatment, the animals are prescribed a starvation diet for 12-24 hours, and then given food in small portions 5-6 times a day, gradually increasing its amount.

Rice. 33 Round trocar with tube

Rice. 34 Puncture of the scar in the left hungry fossa with a trocar

Prevention. It arises from the reasons that cause tympany. You should avoid feeding animals on pastures with easily fermented feed - clover, alfalfa and others covered with dew, after rain or watering them immediately after grazing, and avoid overfeeding with concentrated feed. One of the elements of prevention is feeding animals some quantities of roughage, silage, etc. before going out to pasture.

This disease occurs in ruminants that have a multi-chambered stomach, especially in cattle and sheep.
The largest section of the stomach is the rumen; the food that is eaten initially enters it. Acute rumen swelling is characterized by its rapid expansion under the influence of gases formed in it due to increased fermentation of feed masses.
Cause. The disease appears when animals are ineptly fed easily fermented green feed: clover, vetch, alfalfa, sainfoin, corn of milky-waxy ripeness, seedlings of winter plants, cabbage leaves, beets, and young leaves. These feeds are especially dangerous when they are wetted by rain or covered with dew and frost, or warmed in a pile. Bloating occurs faster if animals are given water after feeding such food.
Tympany can also appear when animals eat spoiled grains, stillage, rotten root crops, frozen or moldy feed, some poisonous herbs, as well as when the esophagus is blocked. In calves, rumen swelling occurs more often with a sharp transition from feeding with milk to feeding with roughage and concentrated feed, especially spoiled feed.
Signs of illness. The disease develops quickly. Due to rapid fermentation of feed, a large amount of gases accumulate in the rumen, which stretch its walls. The enlarged scar puts pressure on the diaphragm, resulting in the threat of strangulation of the animal. The animal begins to worry, stops eating, looks at its stomach, sometimes lies down and gets up quickly, often strains, hits its stomach with its hind legs, and fans itself with its tail. At the same time, a rapidly growing protrusion of the left hungry fossa is observed. Subsequently, the volume of the abdomen and the tension of its walls increase. The animal breathes heavily through an open mouth, from which saliva is released. Chewing gum and belching stop. Body temperature is normal. If the animal is not given timely assistance, it may die, so in any situation it is necessary to take urgent measures.

During the grazing period, due to non-compliance by shepherds with the regime and rules of grazing, rumen tympania often occurs in cattle.

Tympany is a non-contagious disease characterized by rapidly developing gas formation and swelling of the rumen. Most often, tympany is acute and, if emergency veterinary care is not provided to the animal, ends in death.

Tympania is distinguished between acute and chronic, primary and secondary.

Etiology. There are many reasons that cause the accumulation of gases in the rumen. Primary acute rumen tympany occurs when eating a large amount of easily fermented feed. For cows, succulent green feeds pose a great danger: young green grass, clover, alfalfa, vetch and other legume feeds, corn cobs of milky-wax ripeness, shoots of winter plants, cabbage and beet leaves. These feeds are especially dangerous when they are given warm in a heap or moistened by rain, dew, or when animals are given water immediately after giving such feeds.

Slowly developing tympany can be caused by feeding spoiled grains, stillage, rotten root crops, frozen potatoes and other feed.

Secondary tympany are caused by poisonous plants (monkshood, colchicum, hemlock, poisonous wech), causing paralysis of the rumen wall, blockage of the esophagus with foreign bodies, in case of disorder of belching and chewing cud, less often intestinal obstruction, and acute febrile diseases.

Chronic tympany develops with chronic catarrh of the gastrointestinal tract.

Pathogenesis. Fermentation of the feed mass entering the rumen is a physiological process. The gases formed in the rumen enter partly with the feed mass into the abomasum and intestines, where they are absorbed, while most of the gases, collecting in the upper sac of the rumen, are released out with belching. The more easily fermentable food there is in the rumen, the more gases are released. They accumulate in the upper sac of the rumen or gather in large bubbles, foaming the feed masses, making it difficult to remove them physiologically. I.P. Salmin believes that rumen swelling occurs when there is three unfavorable factors, acting simultaneously: abundant gas formation, the occurrence of acute atony and an abundance of liquid mass in the proventriculus(standing level is above the cardia). With excessive consumption of very wet feed, the contents of the rumen are quickly evacuated into the book and abomasum, then into the intestines, where baro- and chemoreceptors are irritated due to overflow. As a result of this, reflex inhibition of the contractile activity of the forestomach occurs and acute atony develops. A spasm of the cardiac sphincter and the bridge of the book occurs, as well as the closure of the cardiac opening with liquid contents; accumulated gases do not leave the rumen and mix with the feed mass. The rumen turns into a closed container in which gases accumulate and pressure increases. With tympany, not only mechanical stretching of the scar is observed, but also a change in carbohydrate-fat metabolism occurs. The blood sugar content is reduced to 55 mg%, pyruvic acid to 1.278 mg%, ketone bodies to 2.068 mg%, and reserve alkalinity to 42.2. Indicators of redox processes and carbohydrate-fat metabolism during tympany mixed form are characterized hyperglycemia, pyruvism, hyperacetonemia, an increase in all forms of glutathione and hemoglobin.

Increased rumen pressure on adjacent organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavity reduces blood flow into the thoracic cavity, complicates the diastolic relaxation of the ventricles of the heart and the expansion of the lungs during inspiration, due to which the systolic volume of the heart and the respiratory capacity of the lungs decrease, gas exchange decreases, and oxygen starvation quickly increases.

Symptoms The disease begins with signs of anxiety: the animal stops eating, fans itself with its tail, looks at its stomach, hunches its back, often moos, repeatedly lies down and gets up quickly, kicks its back legs on its stomach. Body temperature is within normal limits. Breathing in an animal rapid(60-80 per minute), superficial, chest type of breathing. In severe cases of tympany, the animal breathes with its mouth wide open, often coughs, and groans; Foamy saliva flows from the mouth and the tongue hangs out. Visible mucous membranes shells accept cyanotic shade; the veins of the head, neck and udder are filled with blood. These phenomena are joined by rapid pulse and a pounding heartbeat.

The most important clinical sign acute tympany is a significant protrusion left hungry fossa, reaching the level of the lumbar vertebrae, with a simultaneous sharp increase in the volume of the abdomen. The animal stops chewing cud and belching. Contractions of the rumen are intensified at the beginning of the disease, then quickly weaken, become more frequent, and disappear with the development of rumen paresis. Upon palpation, increased tension in the wall of the left hungry fossa, the absence of contractions of the scar and the accumulation of gases in the scar are established. Percussion of the scar produces a tympanic sound with a metallic tint. During auscultation, the sounds of the book, peristalsis of the abomasum and intestines are not detected. The animal often takes a posture for defecation, urination, small portions of liquid feces and a small amount of urine are released. Animals have difficulty standing on their feet, fall and if emergency assistance is not provided, they die very quickly with convulsive contractions of the body muscles.

Diagnosis. The characteristic symptoms and acute course of the disease make it possible to correctly diagnose the disease. Necessary eliminate blockage of the esophagus, in which rumen tympania acts as a secondary disease (the passage of a thick probe into the rumen and the release of gases and scar contents through it excludes), diseases accompanied by fever. You must always remember that tympany is one of the symptoms of such a particularly dangerous infectious disease as - .

Forecast. The death of the animal may occur In a few hours after the first clinical signs of the disease appear, and sometimes even faster. It is especially difficult to predict the outcome of the disease if acute tympany occurs simultaneously in a large number of animals in the herd, when it becomes difficult to provide emergency medical care to everyone at the same time. If tympania in an animal develops due to organic changes in the esophagus, proventriculus or intestines, then it will be systematically repeated, will ultimately cause exhaustion and death of the animal. In such cases, animals that are not of breeding value are recommended to be used for meat.

Treatment. Therapeutic assistance for tympany must be provided in urgently. First of all, you need to take action to relieve the rumen of gases, and suspend their further education. In practice, treatment of tympania usually begins with the use of simple techniques, such as slowly lifting the animal uphill, pouring cold water over the left iliac area, or taking the animal into a river. When the front part of the body is raised to a height, the proventriculus moves away from the diaphragm, reducing the pressure on it, while gas exchange in the lungs improves, the food opening of the rumen may be released from the feed masses and belching may occur. To remove gases, a probe or a strong hose is inserted into the rumen, and for greater efficiency, the animal is positioned so that the front part of the body is higher than the back. For the best effect of removing gases, it is necessary to pull the probe towards you so that its end is positioned at the level of the cardiac part of the esophagus, where gases collect. During the process of providing assistance, the probe must be moved back and forth to eliminate interference in the event of blockage of the probe lumen. To induce a burp in an animal, its tongue is rhythmically pulled out or “bridled” with a thick rope, a straw rope, a stick, wrapped in a bandage or a rag previously moistened with tar or kerosene.

For the treatment of acute tympany, the use of many medications is recommended, but there is not one among them that could be considered unconditionally useful in all cases. The purpose of using drugs is to activate the motor function of the proventriculus and intestines, increase the belching of gases and chewing gum, and also reduce the fermentation processes and induce bowel movements.

For gas adsorption the cow is given 2-3 liters of fresh milk, vegetable or animal charcoal powder, and 20g of burnt magnesia. With the aim of fermentation restrictions Give 1000 ml of a 2% aqueous solution of ichthyol or 50-100 ml of kerosene mixed with water orally. These substances reduce gas formation and enhance rumen contraction (kerosene cannot be given in large quantities, because when an animal is forced to slaughter, the meat acquires the smell of kerosene). With mixed tympany, foam destroyers give a good effect - Sikaden, antiformol, tympanol, FAMS, 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate in an amount of 2-3 liters, creolin, salicylic acid, benzanaphthol, refined naphthalan oil, autol and others. For tympany, oral administration is practiced. vodka(250-500ml per 0.5-1l of water), tincture hellebores(10-20ml), turpentine(50-200ml with vodka), infusions cumin, dill, chamomile, valerian. I.A. Bocharov recommends giving a sick animal a mixture consisting of 0.5 cups of kerosene, 1 cup of vodka and 2 cups of water.

If treatment measures do not have an effect, and asphyxia phenomena are increasing, carry out puncture of the scar with a trocar. To puncture the scar, large-caliber trocars are used. The puncture is made to a standing animal, firmly fixing it in order to protect itself from a blow with the left pelvic limb. The puncture site is the left hungry fossa(the middle of the horizontal line connecting the mucklock to the last rib). We prepare the surgical field, insert the trocar in the direction of the right elbow with a sharp and strong push. Having inserted the trocar, remove the stylet from it, gradually release gases, from time to time covering the hole of the sleeve with a cotton swab. Rapid removal of gases with severe tympany can cause the animal to faint due to bleeding of the brain. If the sleeve is clogged with food masses, it is cleaned with a stylet. Then antifermentation and disinfectant solutions are poured into the scar through the trocar sleeve, after which the trocar is removed. Removing an empty cartridge leads to the entry of food into the abdominal cavity. In order to prevent infection, the abdominal wall is pushed back with the palm of the hand when the trocar is pulled out. The trocar sleeve can be left for 2-5 hours, but no more than 12, since leaving the sleeve for a long time leads to the appearance of adhesive inflammation of the peritoneum in the puncture area. The puncture site is lubricated with tincture of iodine and sealed with cotton wool soaked in collodion.

After eliminating tympany, measures are taken to eliminate residual effects by prescribing fasting diet for 12-24 hours, followed by transfer to a gentle feeding regime, feed (silage, hay, sugar beets) in small portions up to 5-6 times a day, concentrates are gradually introduced into the diet. To suppress putrefactive processes, 2 tablespoons of hydrochloric acid in 500 ml of water are prescribed orally. To restore scar motility, massage and thermal procedures are prescribed to the scar area, and bitterness is given internally.

Prevention. Considering that tympania occurs as a result of violation of the rules of feeding animals, veterinary specialists in every agricultural enterprise must familiarize milkmaids, shepherds, shepherds and cattlemen with the basic rules of feeding and keeping animals, and with the methods of providing emergency care.

When grazing animals, shepherds and animal owners must avoid prolonged grazing of livestock in rich meadows and clover fields, covered with abundant vegetation. Based on the fact that grazing in the morning is especially dangerous, shepherds must first graze animals for 2-3 hours on a pasture poor in vegetation - on a dry or mown meadow, wasteland, and only then drive the animals to clover. You cannot turn cattle out for green fodder after rain or during dew. A great danger for animals is watering them before and soon after generous feeding of succulent grass. When grazing, shepherds must force the animals to constantly move. Time to graze on abundant pastures should not exceed one hour. A good preventive measure is feeding roughage before pasture(hay, straw).

Particular care should be taken during the transition from winter-stall keeping of animals to summer-pasture keeping; veterinarians and shepherds should gradually accustom animals to eating green food, starting grazing from 4 o'clock and gradually increase over 2 weeks duration of grazing of animals.

When kept in stalls, the amount of succulent and watery feed in the diet should not be excessively increased. They are introduced into the diet gradually, starting with small portions, which are then increased. In order to prevent tympany, it is useful to feed hay or straw before giving succulent feed.

Tympany- a disease characterized by the accumulation of gas in the rumen and the expansion of this organ. More often it occurs acutely and, if emergency medical care is not provided, can cause the death of the animal. Animals of all ages are affected, but more often cows over 6 years old.

Etiology. The reasons that cause the accumulation of gases in the rumen are varied.

Tympany often occurs when feeding freshly cut, but juicy grass that has been warmed from storage, tops of potatoes, beets, cabbage leaves, as well as with a sharp transition to feeding root vegetables, especially spoiled ones. The disease also occurs when grazing after dew, rain or frost.

The development of the disease is facilitated by mechanical obstacles to regurgitation of chewing gum of various natures. These are tumors located at the entrance from the esophagus to the scar, in the openings of the proventriculus, fusion of the mesh, scar with neighboring organs. Cases of tympany with scar papillomatosis have been described (E. Vishnevsky, 1957; Meta et al., 1965). In such cases, the disease occurs without any errors in feeding, occurs periodically or is chronic. This kind of tympania is sometimes called chronic or periodic.

S. N. Chevsky (1971) described widespread cases of periodic tympany in dairy calves on a farm with an unsatisfactory feed supply and frequent cases of dyspepsia. Calves were fed large quantities of artificial milk at the end of the milking period.

The author observed cases of massive occurrence of acute tympany in the post-milk period in healthy, strong calves, when, after grazing in a corn field, they received an unlimited amount of skim milk. There was an overfeeding of reverse feed after the rumen was overfilled with green mass.

More often, tympania occurs when feeding leguminous grasses on pasture or mowed after watering, rain, and concentrates during the stall period, especially if the rules of their feeding are violated (when concentrated feeds and young leguminous grasses are fed earlier than other feeds).

Pathogenesis. Gases are formed in the rumen as a result of digestion. Therefore, the cause of tympany is not increased gas formation, but blocking the act of belching. The mechanism of this act varies depending on the underlying causes.

When feeding with concentrates and juicy legumes, the immediate cause of the cessation of belching is the formation of ruminant foamy masses in the contents of the first two sections of the forestomach. Saponin and cytoplasmic proteins contained in legumes cause their appearance. Foamy masses slightly irritate the receptor zones responsible for belching. To stimulate belching, the presence of coarse fibrous feed in the rumen is necessary.

In the mechanism of belching disorders, the state of the fluid level in the rumen in relation to the height of the inlet of the esophagus is of great importance. If the fluid level is higher than the inlet of the esophagus, the belching will stop and gas will collect in the rumen. If the liquid level is below the inlet of the esophagus, belching persists and gases are removed.

The appearance of tympany when feeding a large amount of grain feed (before taking roughage) is explained by an increase in the level of fluid in the rumen due to the immersion of feed in it and the formation of foamy masses as a result of fermentation. The viscosity of the rumen fluid increases when grain feed is eaten. Therefore, the resulting gas does not leave the liquid, but remains in it, as it were, fixed on the feed particles. The formation of foamy masses raises the fluid level in the rumen even more.

Salivary mucin extinguishes the foaming properties of saponin and cytoplasmic protein. Rumen microflora can break down salivary mucin and inhibit its ability to break down foam. The therapeutic effect of penicillin for tympany is based on the suppression of mucinolytic microflora, that is, on maintaining the antifoaming effect of mucin.

Calcium, zinc, and nickel salts give stability to the formed foam. The salt composition of rumen fluid is not the same. Therefore, in the same herd, with the same type of feeding, some animals get sick, others do not.

Some authors also explain the tendency of animals to develop tympanic disease by variations in the composition of the microflora. When a group of animals is kept on the same diet for a long time, microbes and protozoa that are absent from the rest can be isolated from the rumen contents of some of them. The rumen microflora in some cases participates in the formation of gas, in others it breaks down salivary mucin and suppresses its ability to destroy foam.

The occurrence of tympany in calves against the background of rumen overflow with simultaneous large consumption of skim milk is explained by the expansion of the abomasum and the reflex occurrence of atony of the rumen wall.

Symptoms The disease appears suddenly some time after feeding, and sometimes during feeding. A typical sign of the disease is an enlargement of the left side of the abdominal cavity. The surface of the left hungry fossa protrudes above the level of the maculoca and transverse costal processes of the lumbar vertebrae. The abdominal wall in this place is very tense. As the disease progresses, the animals begin to show signs of anxiety: they wag their tails, look back at their stomachs, flinch, and beat their pelvic limbs in the direction of the lower abdominal wall. The contractions of the rumen gradually weaken and sometimes stop.

As a result of the increase in the volume of the abdomen, breathing becomes difficult: the animal stretches its neck, the chest is tense, breathing is shallow, costal type. In the upper part of the rumen, gas accumulates after eating large quantities of legumes; diffuse distribution of gas throughout the thickness of the feed masses occurs after feeding a large amount of concentrated feed. Puncture of the rumen, often used to eliminate the disease, may be ineffective in cases of tympania due to overfeeding with concentrates (N. M. Lebedeva, 1967).

The formation of foamy masses at the bottom of the rumen is noted in both forms of tympany, only in the second case they rise higher and turn into gas bubbles that penetrate the entire layer of feed masses. When tympania develops after eating legumes, gas is quickly released from the foamy masses and collects in the upper part of the rumen. A pronounced boundary is created between the feed masses and the gas accumulation.

Forecast. With timely treatment, a favorable and cautious prognosis can be assumed. In some animals, the tympanum sometimes disappears spontaneously as a result of the destruction of the foamy masses of the rumen contents. But such cases are rare and difficult to predict.

Pathological and anatomical changes. The muscles of the cranial part of the animal’s body, especially the cervical region and thoracic limbs, are moderately or heavily filled with blood. A similar picture is observed when examining the back muscles, starting from the chest. The color of the muscles of the pelvic limbs is unchanged. The lymph nodes of the cranial part of the body are enlarged, filled with blood and sometimes hemorrhagic. This is especially pronounced in the prescapular, submandibular, axillary and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Lymph nodes of the pelvic limbs are unchanged.

When the scar is cut, gas comes out of it and the foamy contents pour out. 10 - 15 minutes after opening the scar, the foam is destroyed. If the autopsy is performed 10 - 12 hours after death, there may be no foam. The intestines are swollen with gases, some loops are filled with bloody contents. The vessels of certain sections of the intestine are injected; there are hemorrhages on the mucous membrane in front of the place where the intestine is compressed by the scar. In other segments the intestine is pale colored. The spleen is compressed and pale. The liver is also ischemic and partially autolyzed. The caudal lobe of the liver is sometimes filled with blood. The kidneys are pale, usually autolytic, and have areas of subcapsular congestion.

In a state of atelectasis, the lungs also occupy the cranial part of the chest cavity. The pericardial cavity and pericardial wall are unchanged. Hemorrhages are often found under the endocardium. On the mucous membrane of the trachea, petechiae and ecchymoses are noted throughout. Uncoagulated blood is visible in the lumen of the trachea and bronchi; clots sometimes cover the bronchi and bronchioles. In the submucosal layer of the trachea, hemorrhages are present only in the area located before the entrance to the chest cavity.

The mucous membrane of the cervical part of the esophagus is filled with blood and often has submucosal petechiae and ecchymosis; the thoracic part of the esophagus is anemic. The demarcation line between these sections of the esophagus is either sharply expressed, or gradually passes from the blood-filled cervical part to the pale thoracic part of the esophagus.

Hemorrhages are constantly visible in the cranial sinuses and on the nasal mucosa. Blood clots are sometimes found in the nasal and frontal sinuses. In animals that have died from tympany, a strong filling of the membranes of the brain with blood is also found (Mills, 1970).

Diagnosis. The clinical signs of tympania are typical, and there are no difficulties in intravital diagnosis of the disease. It is necessary to exclude blockage of the esophagus, in which rumen swelling acts as a secondary phenomenon. Probing the esophagus with a thick probe excludes (if the probe passes into the scar and releases gases and scar contents through it) or confirms obstruction of the esophagus (if the probe does not completely pass through the esophagus).

The death of an animal from tympany must be differentiated from post-mortem swelling of the corpse, which occurs in many diseases (anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, sunstroke, electrical trauma, etc.). Differential diagnosis is of particular importance in cases where the lifetime diagnosis or circumstances of the animal’s death are unknown. Redistribution of blood, blood overflow of organs and tissues of the anterior part of the body and normal coloring of the muscles of the posterior part are typical for the intravital development of tympania.

Treatment. Treatment for tympany should be urgent. Since the disease is based on the formation of foam in the rumen, means are indicated that prevent its formation or impair its stability. These products include vegetable oils (sunflower, castor, peanut) or petroleum jelly. Oils are prescribed in a dose of 150 - 300 ml. Their action is not based on a laxative effect, but on the destruction of foam in the rumen. Kerosene and turpentine act similarly. However, their use is limited due to the odor that meat acquires in the event of forced slaughter of animals.

A new drug, tympanol, has been released for the treatment of tympany. It has high therapeutic activity for all forms of acute tympany in cattle. It contains olive oil (defoamer), lactic acid, aromatic bitters and polyvinyl alcohol. For sick animals, the drug is administered orally from a rubber bottle or through a tube; can be introduced into the scar cavity through a puncture of the abdominal wall. Doses for cattle of all ages are 0.4 - 0.5 ml/kg live weight. Before use, the contents of the bottles must be shaken and dissolved in water in a ratio of 1:10 - 1:15. If the symptoms of the disease do not disappear 15 - 20 minutes after administering the drug, then tympanol is used again in the indicated doses, but in a dilution of 1:5 - 1:10. At the same time, the use of other symptomatic remedies and methods recommended for this disease is not excluded.

There are several reports of the use of penicillin in large doses (10 - 12 million units) for tympania caused by grazing legumes on pasture. Penicillin is dissolved in 0.5 liters of water and injected into the rumen through a puncture in the left hungry fossa. If used for moderate disease, then in most cases, after 1.5 - 2 hours from the time of its administration, the scar subsides.

For tympany caused by the presence of a high level of fluid in the rumen, probing with a wide-caliber probe is used. Fluid is removed through a probe under the influence of the pressure created by the tympanum in the rumen.

In all cases of gas accumulation in the upper part of the scar, its puncture with a trocar is effective. Scar puncture is made in the middle of the left hungry fossa. Kh. D. Dzhailov recommends a new estrus for the yrocol of the rumen - 2 - 3 cm below the point formed by the intersection of two lines: the first - running along the posterior edge of the last rib and the second - formed by the free ends of the transverse costal processes of the lumbar vertebrae. A puncture made in this place prevents the displacement of the scar from the KbJftH wound, which is observed with punctures in a common place. The direction of the trocar in both cases is the same - the right elbow joint.

Prevention. To prevent tympania resulting from the grazing of legumes, the following measures are recommended: short-term grazing or alternating grazing on legumes with grazing on cereals, creating pastures from cereal-legume mixtures.

Grazing should not be done after dew, rain, or frost. In summer camps for animals, you need to have a supply of roughage for use in rainy weather.

To prevent damage from starvation of concentrated feed, it is necessary to first feed roughage (hay, straw, and silage), distribute the daily amount of grain feed over two distributions, and not immediately give grain feed to animals that are not accustomed to it. Grain feed should be fed some time after watering, and not immediately after it. Providing roughage feed before concentrated feed is necessary in order to create a cushion in the rumen that prevents grain feed from quickly sinking to the bottom of the rumen and displacing rumen fluid to a level above the inlet of the esophagus. Livestock breeders should be instructed on measures to prevent tympany and provided with products (oils) for its treatment.