Download the soap making project. soap and its manufacturing process. Handmade soap

Homemade soap making is an exciting and fun process. Instead of buying ready-made soap in the store, you can create something special and unique with your own hands. And recently it has become possible to create your own shampoos, hair masks, creams and candles.

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Ministry of Education of the Irkutsk Region

Project

Hand soap

work

Completed by: 8th grade student

Nosova Yana

Head: technology teacher

Sukhanova L.N.

P. Zheleznodorozhny

2010

Relevance.

Relevance. Justification for choosing the project topic

Handmade soap.

Homemade soap making is an exciting and fun process. Instead of buying ready-made soap in the store, you can create something special and unique with your own hands. And recently it has become possible to create your own shampoos, hair masks, creams and candles.

It is still not known for certain when and where the art of soap making appeared. Currently, there are many factories for the quick and cheap production of soap, but the uniqueness of homemade soap is increasingly convincing housewives to engage in homemade soap making. What's the point of turning one bar of soap into another? Created with love and using all your imagination and creativity, such soap will not only be pleasant to use, lifting your spirits, but will also be an excellent gift for friends.

Here are a few reasons why you should make your own soap:

Do you see what you are adding?
you know exactly what you need
you use only what you love (color, aroma, shape)
This is a unique and truly exclusive cosmetics
this is a fashionable and exciting hobby
this is a fun activity for your kids
These are beautiful and inexpensive gifts for your friends

A little bit of history.

Humanity has been using soap since time immemorial: the history of soap making goes back at least 6 thousand years. In the time of Homer, soap was not yet known. The ancient Greeks cleansed the body with sand - especially fine sand brought from the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians washed their faces with a paste of beeswax dissolved in water. For a long time, wood ash was used for washing. The honor of inventing soap is attributed to several ancient peoples. The Roman scientist and politician Pliny the Elder argued that humanity owes its acquaintance with detergents not to the highly civilized Egyptians, nor to the resourceful Greeks or Babylonians, but to the wild Gallic tribes, with whom the Romans “became closer” at the turn of our era. According to the historian, the Gauls made some kind of miraculous ointment from the lard and ash of the beech tree, which was used to cleanse and dye hair, as well as to treat skin diseases. The colored medium - red paint - was obtained from clay. They lubricated their long hair with vegetable oil, to which they added dye. If water was added to this mixture, a thick foam formed, which cleanly washed the hair. In the 2nd century, this “ointment” began to be used for washing hands, face and body in the Roman provinces. The ancient Romans added the ash of sea plants to this mixture, and real high-quality soap came out. And before that, the ancient peoples had to “get out”, as luck would have it: some used ash brewed in boiling water for washing, and others used the juice of soapwort, a plant that became famous for its ability to foam in water. However, recent discoveries by scientists do not coincide with this version. Not long ago, a detailed description of the soap-making process was found... on Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 2500 BC. The method was based on a mixture of wood ash and water, which was boiled and fat was melted in it, obtaining a soap solution. Another version of scientists says that soap was invented by the Romans. According to legend, the word soap itself (in English - soap) was formed from the name of Mount Sapo, where sacrifices were made to the gods. A mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash from a sacrificial fire was washed by rain into the clayey soil of the bank of the Tiber River. Women who washed clothes there noticed that thanks to this mixture, clothes were washed much easier. So, gradually they began to use the “gift of the gods” not only for washing clothes, but also for washing the body. By the way, the first soap factories were also discovered by archaeologists on the territory of Ancient Rome, and more precisely, among the ruins of the famous Pompeii. During the archaeological excavations of Pompeii, soap factories were found. Soap at that time was semi-liquid.

Soap has long been a luxury item and was valued along with expensive medicines and potions. But even wealthy people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this purpose, different clays and plants were used. Laundry was a difficult task and was mostly done by men. So, the debate about who owes humanity the invention of soap is still not over. Nevertheless, it is known that the production of detergents was put on stream in medieval Italy. A hundred years later, the secrets of this craft reached Spain, and from the 11th century. Marseille becomes the center of soap production, then Venice. True, it cannot be said that medieval inhabitants of European countries abused cleanliness: only representatives of the first two strata - nobles and priests - used soap, and even then not all of them. The fashion for cleanliness was brought to Europe by knights who visited Arab countries during the Crusades. That is why, in the 13th century, the production of detergents began to flourish, first in France and then in England. The business of soap making was taken with extreme seriousness.

When this craft was learned in England, King Henry IV even passed a law that forbade the soap maker to spend the night under the same roof with other artisans: the method of soap making was kept secret. But soap making developed on a large scale only after the development of industrial soap production. The first bar of bar soap was produced in Italy in 1424. As for Rus', the secrets of making soap were inherited from Byzantium, and their own master soap makers appeared only in the 15th century. It is known that Gavrila Ondreev opened a “soap kitchen with a soap cauldron and everything in order” in Tver; there was a soap row in Moscow. Industrial production of soap was established under Peter. In the 18th century, the factory in the city of Shuya became famous for its soap. Even the city's coat of arms depicts a bar of soap. The soap from the Lodygin factory was very famous; it was considered the best after Italian. It was cooked in cow, almond, butter - white and colored, with or without perfume. Tar soap was also offered - “from bestial sicknesses.” In Western Europe, the craft of soap making was finally formed only towards the end of the 17th century. Geographical factors played an important role in the development of soap making. The ingredients for making soap varied depending on the region. In the north, animal fat was used when making soap, and in the south, olive oil was used, thanks to which the soap was of excellent quality.

Thus, starting from the 9th century AD, Marseille became the main supplier of soap in Europe, thanks to the presence of raw materials, that is, olive oil and soda, in the nearby territory. The oil obtained after the first two pressings was used for food, and after the third it was used

Prototype analysis

While browsing websites for soap-making lovers, I noticed soap made from baby mala. On the Masyanya website (a website for beginners), I saw many recipes for making soap with the addition of various additives, aromatic oils of various shapes and sizes. But I don’t have such ingredients and I don’t have a special base. These recipes don't work for me. I decided to come up with my own soap recipe.

Developing a Thinking Framework

(Selection of optimal ideas)

I always want to do something new and interesting for myself. something new, unusual. I decided to pamper myself and learn how to make beautiful and healthy soap.

Development of possible ideas

Types of soap

Whipped soap, one of the most unusual and easiest to prepare, is prepared using the cold process. The finished soap looks like pieces of marshmallow, soft and airy, floating in water.

To make milk soap, cow, sheep, coconut, soy milk, buttermilk, and whey are used. The best milk soap is made from goat's milk

Beer makes wonderful shampoo soap. It conditions, makes hair elastic, shiny and silky, reduces hair loss, and heals the scalp..

Luxurious soap with added silk proteins or regular undyed silk thread (less expensive option). The soap is smooth to the touch thanks to silk.

Cream soap

This soap is used instead of regular shampoo. Without unnecessary chemical additives, shampoo soap will make your hair simply gorgeous and no more empty bottles!

Castile soap is like fine wine: the longer it sits, the better it gets.

Methods for making soap

Hot method.

As a base for toilet soaps, you can take lard soap prepared with soda lye, or prepare it separately using pork fat combined with coconut oil. The coconut oil must be of the highest quality, and the lard must be extremely fresh and well-refined. Fat is purified as follows: fresh fat is washed several times in cold water, cut into pieces and placed in a bag, which is suspended in a cauldron of water and boiled. When the water boils and the lard dissolves, it is lightly squeezed out, with most of the fiber remaining in the bag along with the garbage, and the bag is removed. For every kilogram of a mixture of lard and water, add 4-5 g of table salt and 1-2 g of powdered alum, with the liquid boiling strongly and constantly stirring. After some time, the boiling is stopped and the fat is allowed to float to the surface. The resulting scale is carefully removed, filtered through a cloth into a clean vat and allowed to harden. In this way, cooked fat can be stored unchanged in a cool place for a long time.

To obtain a good toilet soap, take 5-20 g of coconut oil for every 10 g of fat. The latter is added not only to reduce the cost, but also to “fill” it with more water. The soap making itself is done in the usual way, you just need to make sure that the resulting soap is neutral, i.e. so that there is no excess of alkalis in it. For this purpose, it is salted several times and then boiled again. After the last salting, boiling is continued until the sample taken with a glass rod on the plate turns out to be completely satisfactory, i.e. when squeezing the mass between your fingers, you should get hard plates that should not break.

In order to have completely pure soap, it is stirred with a pole, the foam is removed and poured into molds until it is transparent. The soap mass remaining at the bottom of the boiler will be less transparent and clean, and therefore it must be allowed to harden separately.

Cold way.

The preparation of toilet soaps using the cold method by stirring has many advantages, which mainly boil down to the fact that here coloring and perfumery are carried out simultaneously, constituting, as it were, one operation, after which all that remains is to cut and mold the hardened soap mass.

To prepare soap using the cold method, take coconut oil, previously cleared of random dirt, and saponify it with strong soda lye at low temperature and constant stirring. In order for the resulting soap to be neutral, it is necessary to make several preliminary tests and accurately determine the quantitative ratio of fat and alkali. When the saponification process reaches the point where the contents of the cauldron turn into a homogeneous and difficult to stir mass, then coloring and perfume substances are added to it, which after prolonged stirring are evenly distributed throughout the mass.

Remelting.

The preparation of toilet soaps by melting is carried out as follows: ordinary sound soap is cut into pieces and thrown into a cauldron inserted into another cauldron with boiling water (water bath). So much water must be added to the soap so that the sample taken has a good consistency, after which the soap is poured into molds and mixed with coloring and perfume substances. The amount of added water poured for remelting depends on the property of the soap: for hard, strong soap, you need to take more water than when using other varieties that already contain a lot of water. Generally, enough water is poured so that when it cools, you get a solid soap that foams strongly in the water. If the soap taken for re-melting is heavily contaminated, then it must be melted with a large amount of water (50-60%), and then salted off and boiled down.

Planing.

The preparation of toilet soap by planing is carried out as follows: the core soap is turned into shavings using a special machine, collected in a wooden trough, mixed with coloring and odorous substances and then turned into a homogeneous mass on a kneading machine. The machine consists of a horizontal cylindrical drum, on the circumference of which there are 4-8 knives. Above the drum, which is driven into rotation, there is an inclined plane on which layers of soap are placed for planing. The soap with its own weight presses on the drum, the knives of which continuously cut shavings from the soap layer. The knives are installed at a significant slope and therefore can cut chips as thick as writing paper

Ingredients of natural handmade soap.

By adding essential oils to soap (citrus oils, jasmine, rose, lavender, etc.) you will get a product with pronounced bactericidal and antiviral properties. As you know, the aromas of oils have a beneficial effect on the nervous system, stimulate the processes of self-regulation and immunity, and improve mood.

Natural handmade soap dyes.

Using various natural dyes (beets, carrots, pumpkin, flower petals, seaweed, cinnamon, chocolate, etc.) you will give the soap the desired shade. The influence of color on the human condition has been known since ancient times. Already hundreds of years ago, the Egyptians built healing temples of color. Bathing people in water colored differently produced different results. Here, for example, are examples of the effects of certain flowers on the body described in the literature:
RED - activates, stimulates;
ORANGE - restores, warms, stimulates;
YELLOW - strengthens, tones;
GREEN - compensates for energy losses, relieves tension, calms;
BLUE - calms, restrains, cools emotions.
PURPLE - inspires, calms, relieves stress.

Natural handmade soap flavors.

The right combination of different scents and colors will allow you to create soap with both a relaxing and tonic, stimulating effect.
You can add flower petals, herbs, honey, oat or wheat flakes, citrus zest, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, cream to the soap. Mandatory components when preparing homemade soap are vegetable oils - apricot, peach, olive, as well as glycyrin and vitamins A and E (their liquid solutions are sold in pharmacies). For the base you will need regular soap without a distinct odor, for example "Children's".

Selection of fillers

for handmade soap

In addition to adding to homemade soap recipesfatty And essential oils, to give soap an original look and various additional properties, it is very useful to use various fillers.
Various natural fillers can be usedherbs. These can be dried leaves, flower petals, buds and other parts of plants.
Also, various herbs, spices, honey, pieces of dried fruit and much more can be used as natural soap fillers.

Properties of various soap fillers

Lavender flowers They will impart their aroma to the soap, which will last for a very long time. But flowers in an alkaline environment will lose their color and turn gray. Therefore, it is best to crush them before adding them to soap. You can decorate the surface of the soap with buds.

Calendula petals.Medicinal plantcalendulahas tonic, anti-inflammatory and healing properties. Improves the condition and color of the skin. Calendula petals will serve as a wonderful decoration for soap. When crushed, it will give it a golden-orange color.

Chamomile flowers. Chamomilehas a strong odor. Chamomile flowers without stems are used to decorate soap.

Parsley. Dried and chopped parsley will give the soap a light green hue, larger pieces will add texture, and the leaves can be used as a decoration.

Coffee. Caffeine tones the skin and stimulates the destruction of fat deposits. Using this ingredient, you can make an excellent scrub soap that will deeply cleanse pores, massage the skin and exfoliate dead cells. You need to grind your coffee as finely as possible. And coffee beans can serve as a spectacular decoration for homemade soap.

Cinnamon. Ground cinnamon will give the soap a dark brown color and a distinctive aroma, but it may irritate overly sensitive skin.

Zest. Finely grated zest of orange, lemon, etc. will give the soap the aroma and color of citrus, add texture and act as a soft scrub. The zest must be thoroughly dried before adding to soap.

Chocolate. Chocolate is great for any skin, especially dry and irritated skin. Chocolate will impart its seductive aroma and color to the soap. Flavonol, which is part of cocoa beans, improves mental activity, and caffeine has a beneficial effect on the skin, making it smoother and softer. For soap, chocolate with a small amount of sugar and a high cocoa butter content - from 50% - is best suited.
Before adding chocolate to the soap base, the chocolate should be melted or grated.

Honey. Bee Honeyis an excellent additive to handmade soap. It makes the skin soft and elastic. The rich chemical composition of honey makes it a valuable ingredient not only for soap, but also for other cosmetics - masks, creams, etc.
In addition to its nutritional properties, honey will give the soap a golden color and a subtle aroma. Propolis can also be used as a filler.

Cosmetic clay.Clay has good cleansing, antiseptic, stimulating and anti-inflammatory properties.
Clay can be white (kaolin), pink, yellow, green, black and blue. Each of these types has different properties and is used for different purposes. Fine-grained clay is evenly distributed in the soap base, while coarse-grained clay can completely settle at the bottom of the mold, almost without coloring the base. You can buy various cosmetic clays at the pharmacy.

In addition to those listed, there are a huge number of ingredients that can be used as fillers for homemade and natural soap. For example, poppy seeds, coconut flakes, luffa, oat flakes, hops, wheat germ, rose and rose buds, basil, rosemary, goat and cow's milk,

Selection of product manufacturing technology

Of all the methods of making soap we have looked at,

I decided to make my own soap based on children's

Selecting the final option

Soap prepared on the basis of baby soap contains the least amount of additives, it is odorless, so the characteristic smell of baby soap will not spoil the bouquet of essential oils with which I will flavor my soap.

Economic and environmental assessment of the future product

Economic and e

Materials and tools

Tools

Now that we have taken care of safety, you can get everything you need for soap making. We will need:

1. 2 pans: large and small (one should fit into the other). This will be needed for the water bath.
   2) A wooden stick for stirring soap. Iron will not work because the alkaline solution may react with the metal.
   3) A blender, and you will have to get a separate one for soap making.
   4) Silicone or wooden (but by no means metal) muffin pan - we will put the mixture into it to harden.
   5) Gram scales

6). Grater

Materials

Prepare everything you need to make soap:

Baby soap. (since at home you are unlikely to smoke the kitchen with fat, then just take a piece of ordinary baby soap);

Carrier oils:

olive, almond, cedar, avocado oil, jojoba, grape seed oil, peach seed oil (you can use one of the above, you can use any others, but odorless). Sunflower oil is not suitable because it will quickly go rancid;

Glycerol;

Vitamin E (optional);

Essential (essential) oils - whatever you like, no more than 15 drops;

Fillers (for example, flower petals);

Granulated sugar (to make the soap melt easier);

Water (to dilute the soap mass);

Dishes for a water bath;

Molds for casting soap (children's, culinary, industrial).

Manufacturing technology

Routing

Economic calculations.

When making the blanket, I made economic calculations

Environmental aspect.

Today, for personal needs, people most often buy industrially produced soap, to which, to reduce its cost, many chemical substances are added that serve hygienic purposes, but are not at all beneficial for the skin. That’s why handmade soap made from natural raw materials has become so popular lately.Soap made from soap base , cannot be considered completely natural.
But such soap, due to the content of various qualitynatural fillers, most often has undeniable advantages over the factory one.
Comparing preparation technologies, making soap from a soap base is much faster and easier than soap “from scratch” (from lye) and from baby soap.

My soap is made on a soap base with the addition of natural oils and milk. I think that my soap is environmentally friendly. And when preparing it, I did not cause any environmental harm to the environment or the health of myself and those around me.

Description of the final product. (Job Analysis)

Handmade soap is a unique product of natural origin that can give you pleasure both during use and during formulation and production.
Making soap at home will give you complete confidence in the naturalness of the product, which you can make to your own taste, taking into account your individual skin characteristics.

I finished the job, which didn't take much time and patience. I'm happy with my job. I have already prepared gifts for my family and friends for the New Year holidays. I am sure that I will be able to surprise everyone with my gifts and make everyone happy. In the process of working on the project, I learned a lot of interesting things about cosmetics, learned how to independently select ingredients for making soap and even come up with my own mala recipes.

Literature:

1. Handmade soap M. Gamblin 2007
2. http://www.livemaster.ru/topic/1491...e-retsepty-myla

Application

...the soap is made with your own hands from pure, vegetable

food grade fats?

...the first soap recipe that has come down to us is dated 2500 before Christmas

Christ and inscribed in cuneiform in the Sumerian language on a clay tablet?

The Sumerians used soap to remove lanolin from sheep skins.

Before painting them.

...does a luxurious bar of soap in the bathroom instantly lift your mood?

...soap was originally used by the Celts and ancient Romans

Mainly in the form of hair pomade and as a cure for skin conditions?

...soap should mature for at least 4 - 6 weeks on wooden trays?

At this time, it becomes softer and the quality of the foam improves?

...during excavations in Pompeii an entire soap factory was found with

an assortment of bars of soap?

...can't handmade soap be left in water for a long time? It's necessary

Dry after each use to increase its performance?

...the Celts made their soap from goat fat and ashes?

...the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries were fluent in the art of soap making,

which they spread along with Islam first to Spain and then to Europe?

The records of the first soap guild in Europe date back to this era.

...soap made by yourself becomes lighter over time,

so how does water continue to evaporate during the ripening process? The drier the soap, the more productive it is.

...in 1525 soap was used for shaving and was considered absolutely

A precious product, available exclusively to the rich.

...Peeling soaps with herbs and/or oats provide the best care for your skin,

When you gently massage your body with a damp piece of this soap.

...Nicolas Leblanc (1742-1806) paved the way for modern mass

soap production. He found a way to chemically produce a strong alkaline solution. Before this, the alkaline solution was extracted from ash using a complex method.

... homemade soap does not contain preservatives.

... back at the beginning of the 20th century, people, mainly in villages and villages, mastered the art of making soap.

How does soap work?

Soap is a detergent that, in combination with water, is used to clean leather or materials. Soap molecules readily “combine” with non-polar molecules (fat) and polar ones (water). And although grease and oil, along with particles of dust and dirt, easily attach to the skin or materials, such as fabrics, contaminating them, in our usual understanding, soap acts as a lever that can tear them away from the surface. On a contaminated surface, soap holds particles suspended so that they can then be easily washed off with water. Thus, due to their enveloping properties, soap particles lead to the formation of an emulsion of various contaminants, thereby preventing them from re-depositing on the surface and keeping insoluble particles in a state of suspension that can be easily removed.

A more scientific explanation: a detergent molecule, in our case soap, looks something like a snake with a hydrophobic tail (soluble in fat) and a hydrophilic head (soluble in water). Having this molecular structure, soap turns out to be an excellent emulsifier and dispersant for fat-water systems. By plunging their tails into a drop of fat and turning their heads towards the water, the detergent molecules make the fat “soluble”, forming droplet systems called micelles. The fat in the micelles is tightly bound and no longer has the usual properties that we can detect by touch (the feeling of greasy sliding). It is on the formation of micelles that the striking effect of the disappearance of an oil film from the surface of water with the addition of a minimal amount of soap or detergent is based. Having the ability to form micelles, detergent solutions, in addition, by reducing the surface tension of the solution, make water “more liquid” (wetting), forcing it to penetrate into all sorts of hard-to-reach places - between the fibers of fabrics, in microcavities, etc. By the way, heating water leads to a similar effect, since one of the consequences of heating is a decrease in its surface tension. Therefore, you can wash dishes with hot water and without detergents, but your skin is unlikely to like it

Recipes.

Cosmetics at home:

Soap with calendula

Dried calendula flowers are anti-allergenic and have anti-inflammatory and soothing effects, eliminating, for example, minorskin redness. To create your own calendula soap, you will need a mold and soap:

450 g soap base

1/4 cup (20 g) calendula petals (dried)

15 drops (3 ml) yellow food coloring

3/4 teaspoon (3 ml) grapefruit essential oil

1/2 teaspoon (2 ml) tangerine essential oil

Melt the soap base and shea butter over low heat, carefully adding the other ingredients and stirring well. Pour the melted soap and herbs into the molds and let sit for 2 or 3 days.As you can see, cosmetics at home is not difficult at all!Soap with calendula is an antibacterial agent against infections and staphylococci. In addition, scientists have found that it is especially useful for correcting skin damage caused by overexposure to cosmetics and cleansers containing sodium lauryl sulfate.

Cosmetics at home: antiseptic soap

Antiseptic soap is ideal for feet (especially useful for athletes), and also helps against ringworm and other fungal diseases. To prepare it you need soap, molds, and also:

2 tablespoons (30 ml) tea tree oil

This time, melt the glycerin base, adding the other ingredients until it is completely melted. Pour into molds. Clinical studies have found that a 5% tea tree oil solution is as effective as a 5% benzyl peroxide control solution in combating the problem of acne. Cosmetics at home are not only pleasant, but also good for health.

Homemade cosmetics: nail care soap

If you want your nails to look healthy and well-groomed, we offer you nail caremake handmade soap. It includes:

450 g glycerin soap base

1/4 cup (60 ml) fresh lemon juice

1 teaspoon (5 ml) castor oil

1 teaspoon (5 ml) olive oil

As before, melt the glycerin base and add the other ingredients. Pour into molds and leave for several days.

Homemade cosmetics: cucumber cream

Cosmetics at home are not only a variety of types of soap. You can also make the cream yourself.Cold cream, usually made by combining oil and wax.

To make cucumber cream, extract cucumber juice by placing 2 unpeeled cucumbers in a food processor. Bring it to a gentle boil. Strain the juice through a cloth and place in the refrigerator. For the cream you need:

112 g white beeswax

1-3/4 cups (420 ml) almond butter

6 teaspoons (25 g) borax

1/2 cup (120 ml) rose water

1/2 cup (120 ml) fresh cucumber juice

Melt almond oil and wax in a double boiler, carefully pour in rose water and borax. Let the mixture cool and then stir in the cucumber juice.

Vanilla orange(delicious soap)

Soap base - 200 gr.
Freshly squeezed orange juice and water 1:1 - 250 gr.
Base oils: olive, sea buckthorn, vitamin E, jojoba oil - 1 tbsp. spoon.
Essential oils: patchouli, rose oil and cedar - 3-6 drops each.
Additives: cinnamon (5 g), vanillin (5 g).
Preparation.
Warm up the orange juice. Prepare a soap base using water, adding orange juice during the process. Add cinnamon, vanillin, and essential oils to the melted soap. Mix everything and pour into molds.
Peculiarities.
If the soap does not melt in orange juice, then you need to increase the temperature and add a little sugar.

Chocolate cocktail(divinely fragrant soap)

Soap base - 200 gr.
Water for making cocoa - 250 gr.
Base oils: olive, peach, vitamin E, jojoba oil - 1 tbsp. spoon.
Essential oils: patchouli and rose oil - 5 drops each.
Additives: white chocolate bar 100 g, cocoa powder - 2 tbsp. spoons with top, vanillin - 5 gr.
Preparation.
Boil cocoa powder in water. Prepare a soap base using cocoa infusion and oils. Add a chocolate bar, vanillin and essential oils to the melted soap. Mix everything and pour into molds.
Peculiarities.
You don’t have to heat the tiles further or put them on earlier. If you don't want to overpower the smell of chocolate, you don't have to add essential oils.

Even if you have work, children and a lot of worries.
Even if you got a C in drawing.
Even if you can only find an hour for yourself and your hobbies...
Your work will be admired!

Nice . You become a little witch, and the kitchen is filled with the living smells of herbs, flowers and spices.

Making your own soap is very Just . In one evening you can buy gifts for all your friends and colleagues.

Making your own soap is very Interesting . The combinations of colors, smells, additives, shapes and decor are simply inexhaustible.

Materials and tools

requirements

Soap

Cosmetics

logical

price

P.T.B. during the manufacture of the product

Workplace

Technique

manufacturing

Boldorovich Sergey

This project was completed and presented at the city scientific and practical conference "Step into Science." This project reveals the technology of making soap with your own hands.

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Slide captions:

Boldorovich Sergey, student of 4th grade. Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 1 Head: Fedorova T.N.

Handmade soap

The purpose of my work: to learn how to make soap at home. Objectives during the study: 1. Study what types of soap there are. 2. Find out whether it is possible to make soap at home? 3. Find ways to make soap. 4. Learn and make soap at home. Hypothesis: perhaps soap can only be made in factories, using special equipment, but this cannot be done at home.

Composition Base oils (olive, almond, jojoba, etc.) Fragrances Soap base Essential oils

Beneficial properties of handmade soap: an environmentally friendly product; takes care of the skin of the face and body; o has a delicious aroma; b thanks to the original composition of natural ingredients gives youth to the skin

Soap samples Whipped soap Loofah soap

Soap making technology Melt the soap base

Add natural oils

Add essential oils

Add dye

Add fragrances

Slide 1

DIY soap
Municipal government educational institution - Orda Secondary School No. 1 named after A.D. Garanina
Pupils of 4 “B” class MKOU secondary school No. 1 Class teacher Labutina N.Ya.
R.p. Ordynskoye 2015

Slide 2

It slips away like something alive, but I won’t let it go. It foams with white foam, I’m not too lazy to wash my hands!

Slide 3

Relevance
It was no coincidence that we chose the theme of the work “Do-it-yourself soap”. This is a very interesting activity! Soap making is not a very common hobby, but if you try it at least once, you won’t be able to stop. Over time, we wanted to know more about soap. Almost everyone uses soap. And basically no one thinks about what soap they use to wash themselves, although this is very important. We will try to talk about all its pros and cons. And let's try to give a boring bar of ordinary children's soap fun, funny shapes.

Slide 4

Introduction 1.What is soap? 2. The meaning of soap for humans. 3. Soap composition. 5. DIY soap making technology. 6. Poll: “Which soap do people prefer?” 7. Conclusion. 8. List of references.
Content

Slide 5

Project goal: Make soap with your own hands. Objectives: To get acquainted with the history of soap making. Determine the composition of soap. Reveal the meaning of soap for humans. Learn about soap making technology. Conduct a survey Research methods used: conversation with a chemistry teacher, Internet material, questionnaires, experiment.

Slide 6

Soap is a cleaning product that we use every day.
1.History of soap making.
Before the invention of soap, fat and dirt were removed from the skin using ash and fine river sand. To wash clothes, they used lye obtained from processing ash with water. The credit for the invention of soap belongs to the Gallic tribes. The galls made an ointment from goat, lamb and bovine fat mixed with ash and beech, which was used to dye hair and treat skin diseases. The Gauls wore long hair, and in order for it to lie well, they lubricated it with this mixture; as soon as water got on this mixture, a thick foam formed, thanks to which the hair became clean and fluffy. This is how one of the methods for producing soap was discovered.

Slide 7

2. Soap composition.
As a result of a conversation with a chemistry teacher at our school and studying the inscription on the soap packaging, we learned that: The main component of solid soap is a mixture of soluble salts of fatty acids. Modern liquid soaps are aqueous solutions with the addition of preservatives, fragrances, and dyes.

Slide 8

Additionally, soap may contain other substances that have a detergent effect, as well as flavors and dyes.

Slide 9

4. The meaning of soap for humans.
The most important thing in soap is its cleansing property. Since the soap foams well, it effectively rids the skin of dirt, dust and bacteria. But soap affects different skin types differently. If the skin is oily, then soap can be used and there will be no harm to it. And for dry skin, using liquid soap would be correct. It gently and reliably cleanses the skin, and this soap does not contain alkali, which is so harmful to our skin. Liquid soap is also very convenient to use: you only need one press.

Slide 10

Three main ways to make beautiful and fragrant soap at home: “soap from soap” by melting down baby soap; from soap base (special composition for soap production); soap “from scratch” from fats, oils, alkali.
5. DIY soap making technology.

Slide 11

We will need all this to make soap.

Slide 12

We will use the first method, so we took baby soap

Slide 13

Grated soap on a coarse grater

Slide 14

You need to melt the soap in a water bath (place the container with soap in a pan of boiling water).

Slide 15

Slide 16

From time to time the mass needs to be stirred. The finished mass has the consistency of thick sour cream

Slide 17

Slide 18

And lemon and ginger essential oil so that the soap has a pleasant smell.

Research project "Long live soap!"

Municipal autonomous preschool educational institution of the municipality of Nyagan “Child Development Center - Kindergarten No. 5 “Burovichok”

Project participants:

• Babich Alexander Vyacheslavovich
• Pronina Anastasia Denisovna
• Sudakov Avdey Mikhailovich

preparatory group students

Project manager: teacher Olga Valerievna Burdina, Nyagan, 2015

One morning, arriving at kindergarten, Vika brought a small beautiful box. Having surrounded it, we saw an unusual amazing house inside. It was brightly colored and had a pleasant smell. We had many assumptions about what it was: a toy, cookies, souvenir. But no one guessed that it was soap! Vika said that her grandmother gave her this fabulous handmade soap. We were interested in Vicky's story, and we wanted to learn as much as possible about soap, and whether it was possible to make soap with our own hands.

We assumed that if handmade soap exists, then we can also make soap with our own hands, beautiful and fragrant.

Object of study: soap.

Subject of study: soap making.

Goal of the project: learn how to make soap with your own hands.

Project objectives:

1. Get acquainted with the history of soap creation and soap making in Russia.
2. Find out what soap is like.
3. Make different soaps with your own hands.
4. Draw conclusions from the study.

Research stages

Preparatory stage

1. Collecting information about soap.
2. Acquaintance with the history of soap creation and soap making in Russia.
3. Excursion to a hardware store.
4. Visit to the famous soap maker of the city of Nyagan, Maria Ivanova.
5. Excursion to the medical office of the kindergarten, conversation with the head nurse Nina Ivanovna.
6. Creation of a collection of ready-made soaps.
7. Preparing the necessary equipment for making soap.

Main stage

1. Conducting a survey on the use of soap among older children.
2. Making a variety of soaps with your own hands.
3. Album making “Ah – these are different soaps” .

The final stage

1. Formulation of conclusions.
2. Formulation of a new problem.
3. Project presentation.

Main part

We started our work on the project by searching for information about soap. We looked in books, on the Internet, asked parents, went to visit a soap maker and went on excursions to a hardware store, to the medical office of a kindergarten.

As a result of the search, we learned many interesting facts. Since ancient times, people have strived for cleanliness.

In ancient times, the Ancient Greeks cleansed the body with fine sand. The Egyptians washed their faces with beeswax paste, which was dissolved in water.

For a long time, people used wood ash or a cleaning agent for washing, which consisted of parts of coniferous trees, water and essential oil.

One day people noticed that if you mixed ash and fat, it would become easier to wash away dirt from the body, and that’s how the first soap appeared.

It, of course, did not smell as fragrant as modern soap, and its color was gray, but people were still glad to have such an assistant.

The history of soap making goes back about 6 (six)

thousand years.

The birthplace of soap is Ancient Rome. In 1424, the first bar of solid soap was produced in this country. It was from there that soap spread throughout the world. In Russia, soap was first made under Tsar Peter I.

Entire villages were engaged "a potty business" , that's what soap making used to be called. Soap at that time was made from lard, fat and vegetable oil.

Soap in Rus' has long been a luxury item and a very expensive means of maintaining cleanliness. Even the most noble and rich people could not afford to wash their clothes. For this purpose, different clays and plants were used. The peasants washed and washed with lye - a mixture of wood ash, poured with boiling water and steamed in an oven; they used half-raw potatoes and small balls of fern ash for washing.

In Russia, the most famous factory for its soap was located in the city of Shuya. Even the coat of arms of this city depicts a bar of soap. The soap from the Lodygin factory was very famous; it was considered one of the best in the world.

It was prepared with cow and almond oil - white and colored, with or without perfume. Tar soap was also offered - “from sickness” (from illnesses).

Nowadays soap is used in every home. This is an important personal hygiene product. Every morning we wash ourselves, wash our hands

several times a day. Soap helps us fight germs and bacteria. And everyone has their own favorite! It can have a wide variety of colors,

shape, size and aroma.

It can not only cleanse the skin, but also saturate it with vitamins, moisturize, and of course bring aesthetic pleasure when used.

Having collected information about soap, we learned that modern soap consists of fats, alkali, vegetable oils, dyes, and active additives. We also learned that it can be used for children, baths, toilets, household, medical and others. In appearance it is solid and liquid. Liquid soap. The most hygienic, as it does not come into contact with dirty surfaces.

The most important thing is that it has a high potassium content, so it is gentler on the skin, while foaming well and cleansing the skin. It contains many more useful additives: vitamins, acids, aromatic oils, medicinal herbs. Therefore, it is more suitable than others for washing the face.

Baby soap is the safest; it practically does not contain any additives or dyes. The chemicals in this soap are replaced with extracts from a variety of herbs.

Baby soap will never harm anyone; it is ideal for cleansing the skin.

Antibacterial soap is distinguished by the fact that it contains triclosan, a substance that kills bacteria. A person may think that such soap is close to ideal, since it copes with two tasks at once, simultaneously cleansing hands and killing bacteria. The bad thing is that this soap kills not only bad bacteria, but also good bacteria. Although the strongest bacteria will still remain on the skin. Long-term use of this

soap can cause great harm to human health.

Soap-scrub. This soap differs from others in that it perfectly cleanses the skin of old skin particles.

Typically, a scrub is crushed raspberry, oat, apricot, and so on seeds. You should use this soap no more than once a week, and only if there are no wounds on your body. And this threatens to spread the infection throughout the body.

Bath soap. Bath soap contains various medicinal additives that have a very good effect on the skin, since

Steaming opens the pores of the skin, allowing

This soap is better for cleansing the skin of fats and toxins.

Just remember that when choosing a bath soap, you need to carefully look at its composition, since it may contain substances to which a person may be allergic.

Toilet soap with cream. This soap contains cream or milk that nourishes and moisturizes the skin.

Glycerin soap. From its name you can understand that the soap contains

glycerol (about 8-16%) which softens

and moisturizes the skin.

Medical soap. The composition of this soap depends on what therapeutic effect it will have. It has a rather powerful and pungent, unpleasant smell. More often, this soap is used for skin diseases, as a preventive measure, or by doctors to disinfect hands.

Laundry soap. The name speaks for itself - it is intended for use in the household - washing things, removing various stains from clothes, laundering

various surfaces

(when there are no special means)

and much more.

On the Internet we found interesting information about unusual ways of using ordinary soap in everyday life:

Soap perfectly protects hands and nails when working with soil. You need to lather them very well and start working when they are dry. Soap forms a film on your hands and protects them from dirt.

Soap helps to better wash away dirt from under your nails. You should scrape a piece of soap with your nails before starting work. The dirt will then be easily washed off.

The soap solution protects house plants from bacteria, germs and insects.

If you lubricate a tight zipper with soap, the lock on it will move well.

You can use soap to paint on paper, on fabric, and even with watercolors on glass.

Small soap residue

(remnants) used in their

work as tailors.

The soap leaves clear lines on the fabric and then rinses off well.

It is useful to wash your hair with laundry soap, rinsing it with herbal decoctions or water with lemon juice. The hair will be shiny and thick.

Laundry soap is often used in medicine. It successfully helps fight germs and bacteria.

Nina Ivanovna, a nurse at our kindergarten, told us about the use of laundry soap for medicinal purposes. If you are scratched, cut, or burned, you need to soap the affected area with laundry soap

and leave to dry. The infection will not penetrate the wound and this will speed up its healing. If you hurt yourself, immediately lubricate the sore spot with soap. This will prevent bruising and swelling. Laundry soap foam can relieve itching from insect bites and repels mosquitoes. An excellent means of preventing flu and colds is treating the nasal mucosa with laundry soap.

Nina Ivanovna also told us that many additives in soap can cause allergies, so it is better for children to use special children's soap or homemade soap.

Having gone to visit the famous soap maker of our city, Maria Ivanova, we learned a lot of interesting things. We saw how and what handmade soap is made from at home. We learned what needs to be added to soap so that it is not only beautiful, but also useful for humans.

Handmade soap is the healthiest and best, because we know exactly what it consists of. In addition, making soap is a fun and creative process.

Arriving at kindergarten, we decided to do research and make different soaps ourselves.

To do this, we needed to prepare the necessary equipment. Together with the parents and our teacher, we prepared: soap-making kits, baby soap, containers and molds for soap, pipettes, stirring sticks, a spray bottle with alcohol for spraying soap, essential oils, food coloring. We prepared soap crumbs, a microwave oven, a mixer, special clothes, a grater, water, gloves, and an hourglass.

We started research.

City scientific and practical conference

Magnitogorsk Scientific Society of Students

"First discoveries"

Direction: world of exact sciences (chemistry)

Topic: Soap making at home

Magnitogorsk

Introduction 3

Main part 4

Theoretical part 4

Sociological survey 6

Practical work 7

Conclusion 8

Bibliography 10

Application…………………………………………………………..................11

Introduction

Everyone knows the lines of K.I. Chukovsky “Long live fragrant soap!” We use soap every day. When I go shopping with my mother, I am always amazed by the selection of soaps. In stores we see soap of all colors of the rainbow, different in shape, composition, smell, liquid and solid.

Nowadays it is impossible to imagine life without this important hygiene product; we choose soap according to our preferences. But imagine that once upon a time there was no soap. How did it happen that this product took such an important place in our lives?

In my project I tried to answer the questions:

How did people manage without soap?

Who invented soap?

How and from what is the soap we buy made?

Is it possible to make soap with your own hands?

Objective of the project: make your own soap.

Assumption: You can make your own soap if there are safe ways to make it.

Tasks:

1. Establish facts from the history of soap;

2. Identify the components from which soap is made;

3.Study the technology of making soap at home;

To achieve our goals, we used the following research methods:

1. Studying literature and Internet information on the topic.

2. Sociological survey of adults and children.

3. Experimental work.

4. Processing of data obtained during the study.

5. Generalization of the material.

1.Main part

1.1. Theoretical part

While studying various sources, I received answers to my questions. I learned how people in ancient times managed without soap.

The first detergent, of course, was ordinary water. True, in waterless areas they simply used sand to wipe off stains. But when water alone did not help, other means were used: ox bile and marrow bones, egg yolks and boiling milk, honey and brewer's yeast, warm bran and bean flour, sawdust, ash, and so on and so forth. In many countries, the roots, bark or fruits of the soapwort plant were used for washing. They contain a liquid that foams in water due to the presence of saponins, detergents created by nature. Silks were washed in soapwort decoctions. At the same time, the fabric did not collapse or fade. In Russia, soap began to be made during the time of Peter I, but for a very long time only noble people used it. The peasants washed and washed with lye - wood ash was poured with boiling water and steamed in the stove. The main center of soap making was the city of Shuya; its coat of arms even depicts a bar of soap. Moscow companies were also widely known - the Ladygina factory, the Brocard perfume factory. At first, Brokar's factory had only three boilers, a wood-burning stove and a stone mortar. But he managed to become famous by releasing cheap, penny soap for all segments of the population. Brocard tried to give inexpensive products an attractive appearance. For example, his cucumber soap looked so much like a real vegetable that it was bought out of sheer curiosity. In ancient times, special clays were used that could absorb dirt and dust from clothes. By the way, the name Sapun Mountain near Sevastopol means “soap mountain”. The clay mined from this mountain was used to wash the body and wash clothes. But Russian craftsmen quickly learned to make soap from salts from the ashes of burnt plants - potash and animal fats. Thus, this much-needed product was produced in every home. There were more and more small soap-making workshops, because there was enough wood in Russia, and ash was the basis of potash. Potash began to be sold abroad, which led to massive deforestation. By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, it was urgently necessary to find a cheaper substitute for potash. The problem was solved in 1685, when the French chemist Nicholas Lebman was able to obtain soda from table salt. This excellent alkaline material replaced potash.

The first soap factories began to appear in Russia only in the 18th century. In Moscow at that time there were two known: in the Novinskaya and Presnenskaya parts. Numerous cloth, cotton-printing and dyeing factories bought soap from soap factories. But at that time they still didn’t understand how soap was made. Only at the end of the 18th century. The chemical nature of fats was clarified and clarity was brought into the reaction of their saponification. In 1779, the Swedish chemist Scheele showed that the reaction of olive oil with lead oxide and water produced a sweet and water-soluble substance. The sweet substance obtained by Scheele was called glycerin. Forty years later, Berthelot established the nature of glycerol and explained the chemical structure of fats.

In the literature I found the answer to the question “How is soap made now?”

At first, soap was boiled in factories in huge open cauldrons. The process was supervised by an experienced soap maker, who from time to time needed to stir the viscous mass.

Nowadays soap in industry is boiled in three stages. First, fats and oils are treated with caustic alkali to produce purified soap and glycerin. The purified soap is then heated and formed into small balls. At the last stage, soap balls are mixed with fragrances, dyes and other chemical additives that determine the properties and aroma of the soap. I found out that making soap in industry is a complex chemical process.

Having examined the packaging of the soap, on which the composition is indicated, I saw among the main components: alkali, fats, oils, water, and various chemical additives. Some additives that are added to soap in industrial production are considered dangerous. Additives such as:

Propylene glycol (cheap glycerin substitute)

Sodium laureth sulfate (creates a lot of foam)

Surfactants (surfactants)

Formalin

Dyes (coal tar)

Parabens

Be careful when buying soap!

1.2. Sociological survey

Continuing my research, I conducted a survey among adults and children. They were asked questions:

1) Why do you need to wash your hands with soap?

2) What does soap consist of?

3) How is soap made?

The survey showed that:

93% of children do not know what soap is made of;

91% of adults answered that soap consists of alkali and fats.

98% of children don't know how soap is made

70% of children know why they need to wash their hands (to avoid getting sick)

100% of adults said that soap prevents harmful bacteria from entering our body.

Conclusion: Mostly children and adults know why they need to wash their hands with soap. Most children do not know what soap is made of or how it is made.

1.3. Practical work

When making soap, I wanted to make hard soap that foams well, has an unusual shape and is colorful. I think adults would also like this soap.

In the literature on soap making, I learned the composition and method of making soap at home.

There are three main ways to make beautiful and fragrant soap at home:

- “soap from soap” by melting down baby soap;

From a soap base (special composition for soap production);

Soap "from scratch" from fats, oils, alkali.

The third option is one of the most difficult and is suitable for experienced soap makers, since it is a chemical process. The second method is the most creative and fastest, but soap base cannot be bought everywhere.

But the option of melting baby soap is the most affordable, simple and safe. But you need to cook under adult supervision.

I took soap base. I cut the base soap into 4 pieces. I put one piece in a plastic cup. I put it in the microwave for 30 seconds to heat it up (the safest option.)

After the mass has warmed up and become homogeneous, we are preparing to pour it into molds. You can take any molds, just not glass ones. I took plastic molds in the shape of fruits and greased them with oil so that the soap could be easily pulled out after drying. I poured the mixture into the molds. It is recommended to dry the soap at room temperature for a day or two. To speed up the process, you can put the molds in the freezer for 30-40 minutes.

As a result, from one piece of soap base I got a piece of colored, varied in shape, well-foaming soap. To easily remove the soap, you can immerse the mold in hot water for a few seconds. After this, the soap should dry for 2-3 days at room temperature. And you can go take a bath with exclusive homemade soap! Or you can give it to relatives or friends, packaged in beautiful packaging.

Conclusion

1. At home you can make beautiful foaming soap of any color and with different scents.

2. Handmade soap does not contain harmful chemicals. As natural as possible: we always know what’s inside.

3. Soap making at home is a fascinating activity that provides enormous scope for creativity and exclusive results.

Let making a soap miracle bring you joy, delight, creativity and a piece of soap!

Bibliography

1. Linda Gamblin “Handmade Soap”

2. Sidorov V. R. “Soap making at home”

3. Encyclopedia “Decorative soap. Technique. Techniques. Products".

4. http://sdelay.tv/poisk?searchid

5. http:///forum/interesnosti-so-vsego-sveta/istoriya-poyavleniya-mila-v - rossii-t3383.html

6. http:///202/kak-poyavilos-mylo/

7. http:///archive/home. help. naturesoap/201004/.html