The blood doesn't stop well. Why does poor blood clotting occur, and how to improve it? Symptoms of low blood clotting

One of the most important properties of blood that nature has endowed us with in the process of evolution is its clotting, or hemostasis. Without such a well-functioning system in the human body, any cut or blow could be fatal to him. Before we tell you what poor clotting is, let's try to explain how this mechanism works. At the slightest damage, blood cells go into battle - platelets, which clog the damaged vessel and protect it from external influences, while the clotted blood carries out the healing process.

Decreased clotting

Poor blood clotting is a fairly common ailment. If the normal clotting time is 8 minutes, then a 9-minute clotting already indicates the presence of this dangerous disease. The reasons may be as follows:

Immune system disorder;

Increased production of anticoagulants (anticoagulation is the opposite process of coagulation);

Anemia (anemia);

Disturbances in the synthesis of fibrinogen, prothrombin and other blood factors;

Infectious diseases, liver diseases.

Experts note that disturbances in the structure of the blood can occur in women after their first pregnancy. Common causes may also be: poor heredity, frequent nervous disorders, diabetes, obesity, poor and unhealthy diet (lack of vitamin K) and stress. If a person periodically has a nosebleed, he suffers from bleeding gums, bruises do not go away for a long time, and cuts do not heal, the reasons for all this are poor blood clotting. If these symptoms occur, you should immediately consult a specialist. But this is hardly the worst thing. Severe bleeding disorders are observed in a hereditary disease such as hemophilia. This leads to an increase in the time of any bleeding, as a result of which a large loss of blood is possible, problems with the joints and with the entire body as a whole.

High blood clotting

Can lead to blockage of blood vessels, heart attack or stroke. What is the cause of thick blood? The causes of problems with the circulatory system are often similar. This illness is possible due to insufficient fluid intake or, conversely, drinking too bad water, deficiency of vitamin C, zinc, poor environment, as well as excess sugar, salt, meat and smoked meats in the diet. Such a blood clotting disorder has a negative effect on the condition of nails (brittleness) and hair (loss). Such people experience chronic fatigue, memory loss, and depression.

Treatment

People who have poor blood clotting can resort to traditional medicine. These include various decoctions for cleansing, nutrition based on blood type, and so on. But “grandmother’s” methods do not always give the desired result; often the situation can worsen, especially with such a serious disease. It is better to be examined by a doctor, take the necessary tests and begin treatment. Poor blood clotting is a problem that can be resolved in most cases. The main thing is not to hesitate on this issue and take care of your health.

Here is the most common example: we are preparing dinner and suddenly we accidentally cut our finger with a kitchen knife. Blood flowed. But in a matter of minutes she stopped on her own, and the finger healed on its own.

But what if 8 minutes have passed and the blood keeps flowing and flowing? There is reason to pay attention to the coagulation system, because such bleeding is life-threatening.

THE HEMOSTASIS SYSTEM PROTECTS FROM BLEEDING AND THROMBUS

Reduced blood clotting is observed, for example, in hemophilia (large blood loss during injury, hemorrhages into soft tissues and blood vessels). But the opposite situation may also occur, when blood clotting is increased, and this threatens the formation of blood clots (blockage of blood vessels, stroke or heart attack).

The hemostasis system is responsible for the condition of the blood. Its function is to maintain the liquid state of the blood, stop bleeding in case of damage to the walls of blood vessels and dissolve blood clots.

The vascular wall, namely its cells - endothelial cells, ensure the liquid (fluid) state of the blood due to the release of anti-coagulation factors. When blood vessels are damaged, the endothelium (a layer of flat cells lining the inner surface of blood and lymphatic vessels) releases a substance into the blood - thromboplastin, which allows blood cells to stick together and adhere to the walls of blood vessels (the blood clotting system is activated).

Then proteins - blood clotting factors - are activated. Platelets and other blood cells are added to them, and a blood clot is formed, which clogs the damaged vessel. This is such a difficult but quick reaction of our blood coagulation system.

Platelets are responsible for blood clotting (the norm is 170-450x109 per 1 liter of blood). Their deficiency (thrombocytopenia) may indicate blood clotting disorders, bleeding, and blood diseases.

The normal blood clotting time is considered if 3-4 minutes after the injury (with minor bleeding) the blood stops flowing, and a clot forms in 5-10 minutes.

CAUSES OF BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDERS AND COMPLICATIONS

Blood clotting disorders are caused by:

Infectious diseases,

Little physical activity (slows blood flow),

Vascular atherosclerosis,

Dehydration of the body.

Also, an increase in the blood clotting rate is facilitated by an increase in adrenaline in the blood (the body’s protective reaction to danger is triggered).

Frequent use of painkillers, on the contrary, reduces blood clotting.

Complications of bleeding disorders include:

Bleeding in the brain;

Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, hemorrhoidal bleeding;

Bleeding and joint pain and some types of infertility.

Of course, if you have problems with hemostasis, you need to contact a specialist. But it is also important to pay attention to nutrition, since with the help of properly selected products you can significantly improve the situation, and in some cases even do without medications.

PRODUCTS THAT PREVENT BLOOD LOSS

Low blood clotting may be associated with a deficiency of vitamin K in the body. Therefore, to increase it, you should more often prepare dishes from spinach, lettuce, broccoli, carrots, legumes (soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, beans) and grains (they contain natural vitamin K), buckwheat.

Also useful: cabbage, radishes, red peppers, beets, turnips, radishes, watercress, basil, dill, parsley, coriander.

Berries of a red-violet hue: black and red currants, blueberries, watermelons, blackberries, lingonberries, mulberries, dogwoods, viburnum.

Fruits: bananas and mangoes, quince, oranges, apples.

It is good to drink pomegranate and light grape juice, rose hips. Add walnuts and almonds to your diet (no more than 1 tablespoon per day).

Blood clotting increases and the walls of blood vessels are strengthened, which is extremely necessary for quickly stopping blood, with regular consumption of chokeberry and its juice (an exception for hypotensive patients - it lowers blood pressure).

You can also prepare dishes from fatty meats (including jelly), liver, kidneys, brains, and use butter, lard, and cream. But it is important not to overuse these foods: such foods contribute to the formation of blood clots.

PRODUCTS THAT PROMOTE THE RESOLVATION OF THROMBUS

Fatty fish (mackerel, horse mackerel, sardines, herring, capelin, catfish) and fish oil, magnesium-rich cereals: oatmeal, oats, rolled oatmeal, reduce blood clotting and thin it.

Onions and garlic dissolve blood clots. But you need to use garlic for these purposes correctly: cut it into thin slices and leave it in the air for 15 minutes so that it wilts a little. It is better to cook the onion whole in water or broth.

Useful for cucumbers, Jerusalem artichoke, citrus fruits (especially lemon), natural red wine (30-50 ml per day), red grape juice (0.5 cup per day reduces platelet activity by 75%), cocoa, flaxseed and olive oil, bay leaf (3-4 pieces per soup or main course), sunflower seeds, ginger, dark hard chocolate, green tea, tomato juice.

Among the berries, it is better to choose cranberries (cranberry tea - 2 tsp of berries per 1 cup of boiling water), blueberries, raspberries, cherries, sweet cherries, plums, figs.

In addition, it is very good to use non-traditional methods of treatment that affect blood clotting: these are hirudotherapy (treatment with medicinal leeches) and apitoxin therapy (the use of bee venom by stinging the patient at certain biologically active points).

These methods improve blood fluidity, increase microcirculation in the brain and heart muscle (myocardium), protecting them from such serious complications as stroke and myocardial infarction.

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Blood is a unique biological fluid. It consists of plasma, white and red blood cells, each of which performs different functions necessary to maintain human life and health. The ability to clot, ensuring hemostasis, is one of its important properties.

There are a number of diseases when a patient develops a pathology - poor blood clotting, the causes of which are determined in medical institutions after diagnostic procedures. Why is this condition dangerous? What could it threaten? How to improve and normalize blood clotting?

Genetic factor

Lack of blood clotting, poor coagulation, as well as the opposite process - hypercoagulation, is not an independent disease. This phenomenon means that a person develops a disease, one of the manifestations of which is a change in the number and properties of blood cells - platelets.

Incoagulability or poor blood clotting rate may be associated with inherited (genetic) diseases or acquired during life. Poor or low blood serum clotting has various causes that require different treatments. All violations are marked with codes D65-69 according to ICD 10.

Hemophilia is a genetically determined disease that develops due to a deficiency in the blood of its significant components - special proteins or plasma responsible for the process of stopping bleeding by the body. Another hereditary pathology is called von Willebrand disease. The patient does not form a blood clot due to the absence of an important component - specific von Willebrand factor.

Such violations are not widespread; the birth of a baby with a pathology is predictable; the principle required is increased medical and parental control over the life of a child with a disease.

Impaired blood clotting in an adult man or boy due to hemophilia provokes the development of concomitant diseases - regular hemorrhages in internal organs and joints, which can intensify the course of pathological processes.

Due to decreased coagulability, the patient may experience prolonged and heavy bleeding.

Causes of insufficient blood clotting not related to genetics

Low impaired coagulation of blood enzymes also has causes that are not related to genetics, but are curable in most cases. Doctors identify those that can reduce this ability:

• liver diseases of an oncological, infectious or inflammatory nature;
• decreased immune defense of the body;
• blood diseases in which changes in the quantitative formation of platelets are observed;
• long-term use of medications from the groups of antibiotics or anticoagulants;
• lack of calcium, iron and vitamin K, which are involved in the formation of blood clots;
• living in areas with poor environmental conditions, working with hazardous substances or hazardous labor factors;
• some allergic reactions that may occur in the patient.

What signs help identify a pathological condition?

A sufficient reason to immediately seek medical help is the detection of the following signs:

• severe, prolonged bleeding that occurs when a blood vessel is slightly damaged;
• causeless appearance of bruises on the body;
• regular nosebleeds that are difficult to stop;
• bleeding when brushing teeth;
• increased volume of menstrual blood;
• the appearance of uterine bleeding not related to the menstrual cycle;
• the appearance of blood in the stool – occurs as a consequence of intestinal hemorrhages.

A test helps confirm low coagulability; the test is taken on an empty stomach, the sample is taken from a finger.

For each patient, the doctor will prescribe an additional diagnosis, which will allow you to associate the existing symptom with a specific disease and prescribe treatment that can reduce its manifestations or eliminate every sign of a dangerous condition.

Pathology in childhood

Poor blood clotting in a child, like in an adult, can be associated with hereditary factors or acquired due to illness. Every newborn is examined in the first hours of life - blood is taken from him to determine indicators of his health, including studying its ability to clot.

The baby may acquire pathological changes in which the described indicator changes:

• heart and blood vessel diseases;
• autoimmune diseases;
• lack of essential substances and vitamins;
• consequences of donor blood transfusion performed during surgery or for health reasons.

Dr. Komarovsky E. O. devoted an entire lesson to this topic, the video of which can be easily found on his official resource.

How dangerous is pathology during pregnancy?

Poor blood clotting during pregnancy is a factor of increased danger for the woman and the fetus. When planning the birth of a child, you must contact a consultation and undergo the necessary tests. During the waiting period, a woman’s hormonal levels quickly change, and a sharp correction of the functioning of the circulatory and immune systems occurs.

If a woman has a reduced blood clotting ability, complications for the fetus and the pregnant woman are possible:

• danger of miscarriage;
• premature birth of a premature baby due to placental rejection;
• postpartum hemorrhage, which can only be stopped by surgical treatment.

A pregnant sick woman should reduce her intake of water, which can thin the blood and dilate blood vessels.

How can you improve reduced blood clotting?

Insufficient blood clotting ability can be improved. A therapeutic method using medication, a complex of vitamins, microelements, folk remedies, changes in the patient’s lifestyle and nutrition will be prescribed at a medical institution. Multidisciplinary therapy will improve the condition only if all recommendations are strictly followed.

In cases where poor blood clotting is diagnosed, what to do for each patient in each identified case is advised only by a doctor based on a detailed study of his state of health. If you undergo an accelerated monthly course of therapy, you can significantly improve your condition. Self-medication is unacceptable, it can lead to irreparable health problems, and has a high risk of mortality, especially in old age.

You can learn more about coagulation processes from the video:

More:

Indications for the use of drugs that increase blood clotting

Hemophilia is a disease in which the blood does not clot. The pathology is inherited.

The disease poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, people with this diagnosis need to be very careful and protect themselves from injury. The blood contains a protein that, in the event of injury, acts in such a way that platelets connect and the damaged areas become clogged. Thanks to this, blood loss stops. In hemophilia, this protein is lacking, causing blood to clot.

This mutation results in too many clotting factors, and too many clotting factors can cause the blood to clot too much. This is an autoimmune disorder that causes an increase in certain blood proteins that can increase the risk of blood clotting. Symptoms of coagulation disorders with difficulty clotting include:

A painful headache that won't go away. Prolonged bleeding from routine cuts or surgery or dental work. Sudden pain, swelling and warmth in joints or muscles. Appearance problems, such as double vision.

• Blood in urine or stool.
• Mild and excessive extreme fatigue.
• A wound that won't stop bleeding.
• Joint pain caused by internal bleeding.
• Nosebleeds that seem to have no reason.

Features of genetic transmission of the disease

Hemophilia - what it is, people have known since ancient times, but it was described only in the 18th century. Hemophilia is characterized by bleeding disorders. This leads to the fact that any bleeding, even the slightest, can lead to the death of the patient.

Diagnosis of coagulation disorders

A blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body. . If your child is showing symptoms of one of these disorders, his or her doctor will likely order it. These blood tests show the amount and behavior of various clotting factors and can help your doctor make a diagnosis.

If your child is showing symptoms of a blood clot, the doctor will likely order imaging, or an image may help see the blood clot. Another factor that can confirm a diagnosis of one of these disorders is genetic counseling. For inherited disorders, a genetic test can identify the mutation that causes a specific disorder. When combined with blood test results, evidence of this mutation allows your child to be properly diagnosed.

Hemophilia is an inherited disease.

Its peculiarity is that it is transmitted from mother to child, but only if the child is male.

A person is born with a certain set of genes that he receives from his father and mother. There are dominant and recessive genes. Hemophilia is contained in a recessive gene. It is transmitted only with the X chromosome. In order for the hemophilia gene to manifest itself, it is necessary that the body have two X chromosomes with such a mutation. But for the disease to appear in a woman, both X chromosomes must mutate. This is impossible, because if such a mutation is observed during pregnancy by a girl, when the circulatory system of the fetus begins to form, it dies, as it turns out to be non-viable.

• Your child's age and health.
• The severity of the condition.
• Your child's tolerance to medications and treatments.
• Probability of treatment.
• Your opinions or preferences.

These gentle but powerful interventions can help stop bleeding and reduce the pain and swelling of the bleed. Concentrated clotting factor infusions may be used to treat bleeding, but may also be used regularly to prevent bleeding. Desmopressin stimulates the body to produce more von Willebrand factor, which helps control bleeding. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are continued. These are mild blood thinners and may reduce the blood's ability to thicken. Surgery. When blood accumulates in a joint, surgery can relieve swelling caused by the bleeding. Blood transfusions. If your child has platelets that are low or not working properly, a platelet transfusion may replace them. If your child has lost a significant amount of blood, a blood infusion may replace it. Good oral hygiene can help prevent dental work and possible bleeding. Subcutaneous immunization. Giving the immunization under the skin rather than into the muscles reduces the chance of bleeding in the muscles. Regular activity and exercise can keep joints strong and prevent bleeding.

• Rest, ice, compression and elevation.
• Relaxation therapy.

Therefore, a female child can only be born with a mutation in one X chromosome, hemophilia will not manifest itself: the recessive gene of the disease will be suppressed by the dominant gene of the second X chromosome. Therefore, a woman can only transmit this disease, but not suffer from it.

Boys are born with a set of X and Y chromosomes. If the hemophilia gene is on the X chromosome, then it is not suppressed by the dominant gene - it is not on the Y chromosome. Therefore, it is the male representatives who suffer from hemophilia, and it is transmitted only from mother to child.

It is a relatively fast-acting and effective blood thinner that can be used to excessively clot the blood, but it may cause excessive bleeding. Your child should be monitored closely to prevent bleeding if this medication is used. Warfarin is an effective blood thinner, but it interacts with various other medications, so it is used on a case-by-case basis. This increases the risk of bleeding. Participation in clinical trials. Depending on your child's condition and clinical characteristics, participation in a clinical trial for new medications or management strategies may be a treatment option. Genetic counseling may also be needed to confirm the diagnosis of an inherited coagulation disorder. Treatment options for coagulation disorders that cause bleeding include medications to control bleeding and rest, ice, compression, and enhancement. Coagulation disorders that cause blood to clot can be treated with a blood thinner.

• Heparin or low molecular weight heparin.
• Warfarin.

The cause of hemophilia lies only in the genetic characteristics of the body.

Types and symptoms of hemophilia

In modern medicine, three cases of a disease called “hemophilia” are known, and their causes lie in genes:

1. Hemophilia type A. It develops due to the fact that there is not enough antihemophilic globulin in the body. In most cases, this type of disease develops. The most serious bleeding occurs with this hemophilia.
2. B-hemophilia. It occurs due to the fact that there is not enough Christmas plasma in the blood. It affects about ten percent of patients.

Previously, hemophilia C was considered a third type. But it manifests itself quite specifically, which is why it was excluded from the classification and identified as an independent pathology, which affects representatives of both sexes. The symptoms of hemophilia are not difficult to notice.

Complications of bleeding disorders

The body creates blood clots as a normal response to damage to blood vessels. The main job of a blood clot is to seal a leak in a damaged blood vessel. This prevents blood from leaking and protects the person from bleeding. Clots that block arteries and prevent the flow of blood and oxygen to an organ can cause tissue damage. When blood clots break away from the area they are supposed to protect, they can endanger other organs.

Clots that block blood flow are the main culprit in most heart attacks and strokes. They can also damage other organs. When a blood clot forms in one or more of the arteries that supply blood to the heart, it blocks the flow of blood to part of the heart muscle, reducing or completely cutting off the oxygen supply to cells in that area. As a result, the part of the heart muscle that is deprived of oxygen dies and a heart attack occurs. Clots that block the flow of oxygen to the brain are a leading cause of strokes. Clots that form in the eye can cause sudden blindness. . The presence of an obstructing blood clot is called thrombosis.

The following signs may indicate a problem:

• even after a minor injury, large hematomas appear;
• Bleeding inside muscles or joints may occur for no reason. This problem usually affects the knees, elbows and ankles. This symptom may manifest itself as swelling or severe pain in the muscles and joints. Sometimes the patient cannot even say exactly what is bothering him;
• internal bleeding may occur for no reason;
• after tooth extraction or any surgical interventions, bleeding does not stop for a long time;
• blood appears in the urine. This usually does not cause discomfort. But if blood clots pass through the urinary system, the patient will feel severe pain;
• Severe nosebleeds may occur.

Hemophilia symptoms can be noticed when the child is still very young. In children, you may notice hematomas on the head, buttocks or perineum. In newborns, the umbilical cord bleeds for a long time. If these signs are present, it is necessary to urgently examine the child for hemophilia. Testing is also necessary if the newborn’s relatives have had cases of the disease.

Thrombosis in a vein is almost always associated with phlebitis. Thrombophlebitis is inflammation of the veins in the area where a blood clot forms. Thrombophlebitis is classified as superficial or deep. In other words, thrombosis can affect the superficial or deep veins, causing thrombophlebitis.

Superficial thrombophlebitis occurs when a blood clot affects veins near the surface of the skin or superficial veins. Deep venous thrombosis occurs when a blood clot affects deeper, larger veins, such as those in the thighs.

Unfortunately, there are no methods yet that would help determine whether carriers of the disease will have a child with such a problem.

Clinical symptoms characteristic of bleeding from the gums during teething. Blood may also be released from the mouth if the baby bites his cheeks or tongue.

Blood clots are the result. Circulatory disorders Injury to blood vessels Changes in the composition of the blood. . Ischemic strokes can be caused by blood clots that form in the heart as a result of rhythm disturbances known as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.

Atrial fibrillation is a type of irregular heartbeat that causes a fast, quivering rhythm in the upper chambers of the heart. This irregular pumping can cause some blood to remain in the heart chamber and form clots, which can then travel to the brain. Emboli can also form at the site of artificial heart valves, after a heart attack, or as a result of a heart valve disorder or heart failure.

When a child goes to school, he may experience internal bleeding. With age, the manifestation of the disease is not so pronounced, but this does not mean that recovery has occurred.

Some believe that with this diagnosis, even the most minor injury can lead to death due to severe blood loss. But this is an erroneous statement. It will, of course, be difficult to stop the bleeding, but only serious wounds pose a danger to life, as during surgical interventions in the form of tooth extraction. If a patient urgently needs surgery, he needs to undergo special training.

Cardiogenic embolism refers to clots that form inside the heart and travel to the brain. A stroke can occur in a person who has had a heart attack. A heart that has been damaged by a heart attack does not store blood properly, which can cause a blood clot to form and travel to the brain. Having artificial replacement heart valves can also lead to blood clot formation. People with artificial heart valves may take blood thinners to prevent blood clots.

Even after the bleeding stops, this problem may appear after a few days. Therefore, specialists should monitor such patients. Constant bleeding gradually leads to the development of anemia.

There are such features of the symptoms of the disease:

• Bruises that occur with hemophilia may not go away for several months. In some cases, suppuration may appear in them. If this happens, the hematoma is opened and dead tissue is removed.

Some blood clots can form in a narrowed artery as a result of atherosclerosis, commonly called hardening of the arteries. In this case, the arterial walls slowly thicken, harden, and narrow over time until blood flow decreases. As a result, these arteries become vulnerable to injury. If they rupture, a blood clot can form, completely blocking the already narrowed artery and cutting off oxygen to part of the heart or brain.

Blood clotting problems and rare blood disorders also cause blood clots, but the cause of blood clots is not always known. For some women, using oral contraceptives may increase the risk of developing a blood clot. The risk is higher in women over 35 who smoke or have a history of previous blood clots.

• With hemorrhages in the joints, the risk of disability is high. Hemoarthrosis develops, in which the functioning of the entire musculoskeletal system is disrupted.
• Most often, hemorrhages occur in joint tissues, followed by muscle hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract and brain vessels.
• With bleeding in the kidneys, pyelonephritis and hydrocele of the kidneys may develop.

How to make a diagnosis

It is very important to inform the doctor about cases of the disease in the family when examining the child. This will help make a diagnosis faster.

A variety of things can cause inflammation of the superficial vein. One common cause is due to trauma or injury, such as from solutions or drugs given intravenously in hospitals. Piercing a vein to obtain a solution or medication may cause irritation. Any injury to the vein will cause inflammation in the area, leading to pain, discomfort, redness and swelling. During this process, there is an increase in blood flow to the damaged area, and a blood clot often forms in the inflamed or damaged area of ​​the veins.

First, the doctor questions the patient about complaints and examines him. If the disease is present, the joints are deformed and during exacerbations of the disease they hurt greatly. Muscle atrophy is observed around the affected joints, and the limbs are thin. The patient's body is usually covered with hematomas of various sizes and pinpoint hemorrhages.

Superficial thrombophlebitis is an uncomfortable condition but rarely causes serious problems. Sometimes thrombophlebitis is caused by a bacterial infection in a vein. In some cases, thrombophlebitis develops without an obvious reason. It can develop in the leg veins of pregnant women, in people with varicose veins, and in some people with abdominal cancer. Women over 35 who smoke and take oral contraceptives are at higher risk of developing blood clots.

Long sessions of sitting or bed rest or traumatic drugs such as estrogen and birth control pills with higher levels of estrogen damage by feet or hospital immobilization and cancer-related infection. The flow of blood in the veins is dependent on the contraction of surrounding muscles and with inactivity such as extended bed rest, blood begins to pool and blood clots can easily form.

If a pathology is suspected, patients with hemophilia undergo the following diagnostic examinations:

1. Blood clotting time and bleeding duration are determined. If everything is fine with the hematopoietic system, then the blood clots in ten minutes.
2. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times are determined. In the case of hemophilia, it is lengthened.
3. The amount of coagulation factors is calculated.

Additionally, an examination of the affected joints and tissues is carried out. For this purpose, an x-ray is prescribed.

Treatment

Modern medicine does not have methods that completely eliminate hemophilia; therapy can only be supportive.

This therapy is aimed at:

• to prevent bleeding;
• to reduce the chances of developing complications;
• to prevent the patient from becoming disabled.

Treatment of hemophilia is based on the introduction of missing blood clotting elements.

The amount of the drug for each patient is calculated individually. Since the medicine is eliminated from the body within 8-12 hours, it must be given to the patient several times a day.

Maintenance therapy also includes the following activities:

1. If bleeding begins, then bed rest is prescribed and fresh frozen plasma is injected into a vein.
2. If the patient has hemophilia type A, then he is shown Cryoprecipitate, which is administered intravenously.
3. With the help of angioprotectors, they improve metabolic processes in blood vessels and stop bleeding faster.
4. If the patient vitally needs surgical intervention, then a prothrombin complex is administered before this. This remedy is also necessary for severe blood loss.
5. Treatment for hemophilia may also include blood or red blood cell transfusions if the patient is diagnosed with anemia.
6. If hemorrhage occurs in the joint, the limbs are kept immobilized for several days using splints or bandages, and blood is pumped out of the joint. After this, Prednisolone or other corticosteroid hormones are injected there. To normalize the functioning of the limbs, physical therapy or physiotherapeutic procedures may be prescribed.
7. When bleeding from the mucous membrane occurs, a hemostatic sponge or local medication is used to stop the bleeding.
8. In case of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract), an endoscopic examination is first prescribed to determine the affected area. In this situation, fibrinolysis inhibitors are prescribed, as well as treatment for gastric ulcers.

If surgical intervention is necessary, preparatory therapy should be carried out.

If a child has hemophilia, he must always have with him a document that will indicate what type of disease he suffers from, blood type and first aid methods. There should always be a deficiency factor preparation in your home medicine cabinet.

Every patient should periodically visit a hematologist, orthopedist, traumatologist and have their blood tested. People with this diagnosis should not use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs under any circumstances, as this can cause bleeding.

A dangerous disease - hemophilia: every person should know what it is. This diagnosis should not be considered a death sentence.

People with hemophilia can live long and happy lives, as long as they follow all the doctor's recommendations.

If this disease is not treated, the patient very quickly becomes disabled, and some complications can lead to death.

To improve the patient’s quality of life, the following procedures can be performed:

• to reduce pain in the joints, they can apply a cold compress or fix the affected area with a plaster splint;
• The functioning of the musculoskeletal system can be restored with the help of physiotherapy;
• carry out surgical cleansing of wounds and hematomas;
• prescribe a special diet high in vitamins and microelements;
• twice a year the patient must be tested for AIDS, hepatitis B and C;
• It is regularly necessary to undergo preventive dental examinations;
• Hemophiliacs are vaccinated against hepatitis B and C.

It is necessary to urgently take the patient to the hospital if bleeding begins in the oral cavity, a hematoma occurs on the head or neck, which is accompanied by an increasing headache, huge hematomas appear on large joints, if bleeding is suspected in the gastrointestinal tract.

Complications of pathology

Hemophilia is a disease that threatens not only death from severe bleeding, but also serious complications:

• Large hematomas that periodically appear on the patient’s body put strong pressure on the nerve fibers, which subsequently leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of the affected area of ​​the body. It may also cause discomfort when moving.

• Hemorrhages in the joints, which cause hemarthrosis, can occur even at school age. How quickly this problem develops depends on how severe the hemophilia is. If the disease is mild, then joint hemorrhages can occur only as a result of injuries. The severe form is characterized by hemorrhages “from scratch,” which can gradually cause disability.
• Bleeding in the brain is very rare, but there is still a chance of a stroke, so head injuries should be avoided.

Prevention

The causes of hemophilia are such that they cannot be avoided by any measures. Therefore, preventive measures consist of a woman visiting a medical genetic center during pregnancy to determine the hemophilia gene on the X chromosome.

If the diagnosis has already been made, then you need to find out what kind of disease it is in order to know how to behave:

1. It is imperative to register with a dispensary, adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and avoid physical activity and injuries.
2. Swimming and physical therapy can have a positive effect on the body.

People are registered at the dispensary as early as childhood. A child with this diagnosis is exempt from vaccinations and physical education due to the risk of injury. But physical activity should not be absent from the patient’s life. They are necessary for the normal functioning of the body.

There are no special nutritional requirements for a child suffering from hemophilia.

For colds, Aspirin should not be given, as it thins the blood and can cause bleeding. You should also not use cups, as they can cause bleeding in the lungs. You can use a decoction of oregano and lagochilus.

Relatives of the patient should also know what hemophilia is and undergo training in providing medical care if bleeding occurs. Some patients are prescribed clotting factor concentrate injections every three months.

Food for thought

Some facts about the disease:

• The disease affects only men. This is not entirely true. There have been cases when the disease was diagnosed in representatives of the fair sex. There is an opinion that hemophilia is rarely diagnosed in women due to the physiological characteristics of the body. If a girl has poor blood clotting, menstrual bleeding can cause death.

• If a woman has the hemophilia gene, the child will be sick. In fact, women cannot plan the birth of a sick or healthy child. This is only possible with artificial insemination and after special procedures. It is possible to determine whether a child has hemophilia or not only in the second month of pregnancy.
• Hemophilia and AIDS. In the 80s in the United States, after the advent of AIDS, it became clear that the pathology occurs not only among drug addicts or homosexuals, but also among those suffering from hemophilia. The virus was found in drugs with which. It contained the blood of sick donors. A scandal broke out and pharmaceutical companies began producing safe, heat-treated medicine. But they didn’t take him outside the states. Residents of other countries continued to be sold spoiled drugs, as companies did not want to destroy drugs that were produced in large quantities. This would bring big losses. Therefore, the number of AIDS patients has increased.

Hemophilia is a serious disease, but you can live with it. There are even special organizations that unite people with this problem. In them, patients support each other and engage in various activities. It is important to remember: only by following the recommendations of specialists can you live a long life even with blood clotting disorders.

A very terrible disease. With this diagnosis, girls should not give birth to children, otherwise they could die.

Obviousness

Girls can only be carriers; only men can get sick.

Malfunctions in the functioning of the most important system of the body - the hemostasis system, designed to protect a person from blood loss - manifest themselves as a blood clotting disorder, that is, a pathology of coagulation of protein components of the blood in the event of bleeding.

The ability of blood to clot can be reduced for various reasons, leading to severe and fatal coagulopathies.

Causes of bleeding disorders

Before highlighting the key causes of blood clotting disorders, it should be recalled that coagulation in the process of stopping bleeding is a complex of complex biochemical processes caused by the influence (and interaction) of almost four dozen physiologically active substances, which are called plasma and platelet clotting factors.

In a simplified form, the process of blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged can be described as the conversion of the blood protein prothrombin (plasma coagulation factor II) into the enzyme thrombin, under the influence of which fibrinogen in the plasma (a protein produced by the liver, coagulation factor I) is converted into polymerized fibrous (insoluble ) fibrin protein. The action of the enzyme transglutaminase (coagulation factor XIII) stabilizes fibrin, and special (non-nucleated) blood elements - platelets - adhere to its fragments. As a result of platelet aggregation and their adhesion to the vessel wall, a blood clot is formed. It is he who closes the “hole” in the event of a violation of the integrity of the blood vessel.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of deviations in the process of hemocoagulation is directly related to the imbalance of blood clotting factors, since only when they are activated, the natural mechanism of blood clot formation and bleeding cessation is activated. An equally important factor is the amount of platelets in the blood, synthesized by bone marrow cells.

The existing classification of bleeding disorders divides them - depending on the etiology - into acquired, genetically determined and congenital, as well as autoimmune.

Among the causes of acquired bleeding disorders, hematologists note pathologies that lead to a decrease in the level of fibrinogen in the blood (hypofibrinogenemia) or a decrease in the content of platelets in it:

Causes of bleeding disorders include the following genetic and congenital pathologies:

• hemophilia A (deficiency of antihemophilic globulin - coagulation factor VIII), hemophilia B (deficiency of clotting factor IX) and hemophilia C (deficiency of thromboplastin - factor XI);
• von Willebrand disease (constitutional thrombopathy or von Willebrand-Jurgens syndrome, when there is not enough antihemophilic globulin in the blood);
• thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease);
• Glanzmann's hereditary thrombasthenia;
• congenital afibrinogenemia (lack of fibrinogen in the blood) and dysfibrinogenemia (structural defects in fibrinogen molecules).

And the pathogenesis of idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia is associated with increased destruction of platelets in the spleen and, accordingly, a decrease in their content in the blood.

Symptoms of a bleeding disorder

Typical symptoms of bleeding disorders in almost all of the pathologies listed above appear in various combinations and with different intensities.

The first signs are hemorrhagic syndrome - a tendency to hemorrhages in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, as well as increased bleeding of mucous membranes.

Bleeding can be capillary, hematoma or mixed. Thus, in the case of a deficiency of such blood coagulation factors as prothrombin, proaccelerin, proconvertin, Stewart-Prower factor (with von Willebrand disease, thrombocytopenia or dysfibrinogenemia), small red-violet spots appear on the skin of the legs in the ankle area and on the feet - petechiae (capillary hemorrhages).

If there is a deficiency of antihemophilic globulin, bruises (ecchymoses) constantly appear. Subcutaneous hematomas are characteristic of hemophilia, as well as most acquired bleeding disorders, including after long-term use of anticoagulant drugs.

In addition, symptoms of bleeding disorders are expressed in frequent spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, significant blood loss during menstruation (menorrhagia), prolonged bleeding even with minor damage to the smallest vessels. Frequent redness of the whites of the eyes is possible, and melena (black stool) may also be observed, which indicates bleeding localized in the gastrointestinal tract. In hemophilia, blood flows not only into the tissues of the abdominal organs and muscles, but also into the joints (hemarthrosis). This causes necrosis of bone tissue, a decrease in the calcium content in it and subsequent functional complications of the musculoskeletal system.

The following blood tests are needed:

• general clinical;
• coagulogram (blood clotting time is determined);
• PTT and PTI (prothrombin time and prothrombin index give an idea of ​​the speed of the coagulation process);
• TV (determines thrombin time, that is, the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin);
• ABC test (determines activated blood clotting time);
• on platelet aggregation with stimulation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP);
• APTT (determines the presence of a deficiency of several plasma coagulation factors);
• for antithrombin III (a blood anticoagulant glycoprotein that inhibits the process of blood clotting).

Instrumental diagnostics (fluoroscopy, ultrasound, MRI) can be used to determine the condition of the liver, spleen, intestines or brain.

And therapy for acquired coagulation disorders involves etiological treatment of the diseases that caused them and neutralization of provoking factors.

In many cases, the use of antihemorrhagic and hemostatic drugs is recommended: those that activate the formation of thromboplastin, heparin antagonists, fibrinolysis inhibitors, as well as agents that promote thrombus formation.

Medicines prescribed to stimulate the production of tissue thromboplastin (III blood clotting factor) - Dicynone (other trade name Etamsylate). This drug is used to stop capillary and internal bleeding; it is produced in the form of an injection solution, and in tablets of 0.5 g for the treatment of blood clotting disorders. The dose is determined by the doctor in accordance with blood counts (usually 0.25-0.5 g two to three times a day), the duration of administration also depends on the diagnosis. The diet gives side effects in the form of headache, nausea, decreased blood pressure, skin flushing and impaired sensitivity of the skin on the legs. The drug is contraindicated if increased bleeding and hematomas are the result of taking anticoagulants.

Medicines such as Aminocaproic acid, Tranexam, Ambien, etc., inhibit the dissolution of a blood clot (fibrinolysis). Aminocaproic acid (Epsilon-aminocaproic acid, Acicapron, Afibrin, Karpacid, Carpamol, Epsamon) in tablets of 0.5 g is prescribed orally based on weight, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 15 g. Side effects include dizziness, catarrhal symptoms, nausea, diarrhea. If kidney function is poor, aminocaproic acid is contraindicated.

The hemostatic agent Tranescam (tranexamic acid) in tablets of 0.25 g is recommended to be taken for frequent nosebleeds and menorrhagia, two tablets three times a day, but not longer than a week. Side effects and contraindications are similar to the previous drug.

When prescribing treatment for bleeding disorders, a drug containing a vitamin K analogue, Vikasol (Menadione sodium bisulfite, Menadione), is often recommended. Vikasol (15 mg tablets) increases the ability of blood to clot, acting on the production of vitamin K-dependent prothrombin and proconvertin (clotting factors). Dosage of this drug: for adults - 15-30 mg per day (in courses of 3 days with breaks), for children under one year old - 2-5 mg, 1-3 years old - 6 mg, 4-5 years old - 8 mg, 6-10 years - 10 mg.

Vitamins also recommended by hematologists include B9 and B12. Folic acid (vitamin B9) tablets should be taken orally after meals - 1-2 mg up to two times a day. The daily dose should not exceed 5 mg, the duration of continuous use should not exceed a month.

Alternative treatment for bleeding disorders

With this pathology, traditional treatment cannot in any way affect the causes of its occurrence or make “corrections” to the synthesis of plasma and platelet coagulation factors.

Therefore, you can use treatment with herbs that are known for their hemostatic properties: yarrow, shepherd's purse, stinging nettle (leaves), water pepper (pepper knotweed), cuckoo adonis. Water pepper and shepherd's purse contain vitamin K. For the decoction, take a tablespoon of dry herb in a glass of boiling water and cook for 8-10 minutes, infuse and take: water pepper - a tablespoon 3-4 times a day; shepherd's purse decoction - a third of a glass three times a day.

Nettle is also known for its vitamin K content; An aqueous infusion of the leaves of this medicinal plant is prepared by pouring a tablespoon of dry raw material into 200 ml of boiling water and infusing for 1-1.5 hours (in a closed container). Take the infusion for bleeding gums, heavy periods, nosebleeds - before meals, one tablespoon 3-4 times a day.

Of all the measures that are usually proposed to prevent the development of certain diseases, almost none can have a positive effect in the case of bleeding disorders. An exception is the prevention of vitamin K deficiency in the body, as well as avoidance of long-term use of medications (anticoagulants, aspirin, NSAIDs) that can reduce the level of blood clotting. And for people with poor clotting ability, it is important to avoid situations that could cause injury and cause bleeding.

The considered bleeding disorders are classified as blood diseases. In domestic medicine, there is the concept of “hemorrhagic diseases”, as well as “hemorrhagic syndrome”, that is, a set of symptoms that characterize conditions in which hemorrhages occur. And specialists from the American Society of Hematology (ASH) identify only hemorrhagic syndrome of newborns associated with a lack of vitamin K (ICD-10 code P53). Obviously, the presence of terminological discrepancies is also characteristic of such a field of clinical medicine as hematology.

Poor blood clotting... This expression is used to mean a decrease in the ability of the blood to form a dense clot that covers the damaged wall of the blood vessel. Low blood clotting is caused by a deficiency of individual factors of the hemocoagulation system or their functional failure.

Reduced blood clotting can have the most unfavorable effect on a person’s health and life even with the slightest injury to a vessel, if its caliber turns out to be large enough. Things are better when the capillaries and microvasculature are damaged; in such cases, the situation may not be so dangerous.

By the way, “our smaller brothers” can also suffer from blood incoagulability. For example, a similar illness is sometimes observed in domestic animals that are useful to humans, such as dogs and horses.

When only boys?

Poor blood clotting (hypocoagulation) manifested itself in Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Nicholas II, for which the disease was nicknamed “royal”. The disease is actually called hemophilia, and the boy suffered from hemophilia type B, caused by a deficiency of the Christmas factor (FIX). He received such a “gift” from his mother, Alexandra Fedorovna.

Hereditary blood incoagulability is considered a fairly rare disease. For example, one child out of 60,000 newborns gets such a variety as hemophilia B. However, A and B also take on up to 96% of all pathological conditions of hemostasis, manifesting themselves in a similar way, the share of other hereditary coagulopathies accounts for only 4%.

In general, the pathology associated with low blood clotting, called hemophilia, has several types:

• Classic option - hemophilia A, it is this type that is diagnosed in approximately 85% of all “hemophiliacs”. The disease results from a recessive mutation on the X chromosome (a sex-linked trait) followed by a deficiency of antihemophilic globulin or factor VIII;
• Less common type – hemophilia B, up to 20% of all types (it actually happened with Tsarevich Alexei). The reason for poor blood clotting is the same as for hemophilia A - a pathological change in the gene responsible for synthesis on the X chromosome, which results in factor IX deficiency. The peculiarity (and difference from the previous form) is that bleeding in hemophilia B does not occur immediately, but after some time (sometimes quite long), and they last quite a long time.

These two types (A and B) are found only in men, since the gene is recessive, located on the X sex chromosome, therefore in genetics such a phenomenon is defined as a sex-linked trait. As is known, males have only one X chromosome (the set of sex chromosomes in men is XY, in women - XX), therefore, having received exactly the chromosome that carries the pathologically altered recessive allele, the boy acquires the disease. Girls have two X chromosomes, one can carry this pathology, but the other chromosome contains a dominant allele that will suppress a weak recessive - a girl with full health will remain a carrier of a pathology that leads to low blood clotting. That is why hemophilia in women practically does not occur or occurs in exceptional cases. Previously, such girls (homozygous recessive) were destined to live until their first menstruation, but now hypothetically it is possible (with constant support from factor VIII or IX) to live to an advanced age. Unfortunately, in absolute dependence on drugs that increase blood clotting. Although hemophiliac men are also dependent... But a little different.

It doesn't matter whether it's a man or a woman...

In addition to the above forms of the disease, there are other varieties:

• Hemophilia C(factor XI deficiency), which can affect both men and women, since the type of inheritance in this case is different: it is not sex-linked, the gene is located in an autosome (not a sex chromosome), and can be both recessive and dominant;
• Hemophilia D is the rarest congenital coagulopathy, it is caused by Hageman factor (FXII) deficiency. The type of inheritance is autosomal dominant, so the disease can affect both males and females equally.

In contrast to types A and B, hemophilia C most often occurs without any symptoms. Hematomas and spontaneous bleeding in hemophilia C are rare, except after serious injuries or surgery (that’s when the diagnosis is made), so people often live and do not know about their disease if they have never had to deal with problems of this kind in life.

Hemophilia D is also less dangerous than A and B - it does not give obvious symptoms, it is manifested by reduced blood clotting, which can be noticed during laboratory tests (extension of blood clotting time). Typically, such tests are prescribed before any surgical intervention.

However, women suffer more from hemophilia D, as it can be difficult for them to bear a child - they may constantly suffer from repeated spontaneous miscarriages.

Called pseudohemophilia von Willebrand disease represents an autosomal dominant hereditary pathology, suggesting deficiency of a factor with the same name involved in the adhesion of blood platelets -. This anomaly is characterized by the occurrence from time to time of spontaneous bleeding, which is characterized by a particular duration, which is associated with a violation of blood clotting in three positions at once (proteolysis and decrease in FVIII, dilation of blood vessels beyond any measure and increased permeability of their walls). In patients suffering from this disease, a violation of vascular-platelet hemostasis is clearly visible. has several subtypes.

Very rare forms

And yet, hereditary pathology is not limited to various forms of hemophilia. From birth, a child may be diagnosed with other diseases similar in symptoms and origin:

• Congenital anomalies of factor I () coagulation hemostasis: afibrinogenemia when even traces of FI cannot be detected by laboratory methods, hypofibrinogenemia, characterized by a decrease in the concentration of this protein, dysfibronogenemia– there is fibrinogen, but its functional abilities leave much to be desired due to the large number of structural defects in the molecule of this protein;
• Even more rare diseases caused by insufficiency of other factors: X - Stewart-Prower disease, II - hypoprothrombinemia, VII - hypoconvertenemia, V - parahemophilia (Ouren's disease).

All these genetic anomalies also have an autosomal dominant (or recessive) type of inheritance, and, therefore, can appear to the same extent in both females and males.

Figure: blood clotting mechanism and factors involved in it

Vitamin K for newborns

However, in this regard, I would like to recall one more pathology, which manifests itself very sharply in a child immediately after birth and erases its symptoms with every day of life. This - hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, which develops with a deficiency of FII, FVII, FIX, FX, the synthesis of which depends on vitamin K. The role of the liver cannot be excluded in such cases, because in newborns it has not yet reached its functional maturity.

Immediately after birth, the level of the above factors barely approaches 50% and immediately begins to fall rapidly, reaching a minimum by 2-3 days of life. At best, the disease manifests itself as bleeding from the umbilical wound and hematuria (blood in the urine); at worst, it can lead to serious complications: severe bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, and the development of hypovolemic shock.

If the pathology is detected in a timely manner and doctors manage to avoid complications, then the concentration of factors in the blood gradually increases, although for some time, several weeks, it does not reach their level in the blood of an adult.

Treatment is vitamin K preparations. By the way, it should be noted that cow’s milk is noticeably superior in vitamin K content to women’s milk. It is also added to milk formulas intended for artificial infants, so breast-fed children are more likely to develop symptoms of the disease.

Other causes of poor blood clotting

Thus, the main reasons for truly poor blood clotting are considered to be hereditary pathology - one or another form of hemophilia (of course, mainly A or B), von Willebrand disease or other congenital diseases that genetically program the deficiency of hemocoagulation system factors.

However, in addition to the disease resulting from a gene mutation and subsequent genome anomaly, reduced blood clotting also leads to other diseases, for example:

1. Liver pathology. As is known, the parenchyma of this organ synthesizes important factors of the hemocoagulation system - prothrombin and fibrinogen;
2. Vitamin K deficiency, which is also involved in the formation of the above factors in the liver;
3. , accompanied by the destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bloodstream, which forces the bone marrow (BM) to work in emergency mode - it tries to compensate for losses, but the cells enter the blood too young, unable to fully cope with their functional tasks. In addition, while actively producing red blood cells, the bone marrow somewhat “forgets” about platelets, which provide primary vascular-platelet hemostasis;
4. Allergic and anaphylactic reactions, causing a significant release of histamine into the blood, which, by increasing the permeability of the vascular walls, contributes to blood thinning;
5. Hematological pathology (), in which the hematopoietic tissue affected by the malignant process is deprived of the ability to normally synthesize formed elements;
6. Deficiency of such an important element for the body as, because it not only promotes normal heart activity and strengthens bones, it, along with other factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) is directly related to the process of blood clotting;
7. in the hypocoagulation phase;
8. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome, the cause of which can be collagenosis (SLE), amyloidosis, intoxication associated with the ingestion of pesticides into the body;
9. Introduction thrombolytics(plasmin, streptokinase), large doses (heparin) or long-term reception(drugs of the acetylsalicylic acid group).

The main symptom is increased bleeding

The distinction between coagulopathies (hereditary and acquired) is carried out based on the patient’s family and personal history, as well as on the basis of laboratory tests.

As a rule, congenital pathology manifests itself with increased bleeding, without waiting for the person to become an adult. A child who received hemophilia from his mother early develops hematomas and hemorrhages in the muscles and joints, which often disrupts the function of the musculoskeletal system in childhood and causes disability. In von Willebrand's disease, bleeding is especially prolonged over time, and this is confirmed by laboratory tests (the duration of bleeding increases and is impaired under the influence of ristomycin).

signs of reduced blood clotting, incl. for hereditary reasons

Poor blood clotting most often manifests itself:

• Formations that often arise on their own (“out of nowhere”) or after microtraumas that are completely insignificant;
• Nosebleeds, gum bleeding or bleeding from minor scratches, not to mention cuts;
• Rash of various types;
• In other cases (hemophilia, for example) - large hematomas and poorly controlled bleeding.

The reader has probably already realized that low blood clotting can be very life-threatening, therefore, a patient suffering from such a pathology requires mandatory medical supervision and his immediate intervention if circumstances so require.

The happiness of motherhood is in question

Poor blood clotting in all cases threatens with bleeding, which at any moment can get out of control, but this pathology is especially dangerous during pregnancy, when the body, in preparation for childbirth, tries to “foresee” everything and put all hemostasis in ideal order (to avoid and bleeding, and thrombosis). The likelihood of avoiding complications of this kind is high in women who do not have hereditary pathologies of hemostasis and acquired diseases listed above, in which decreased blood clotting is noted. Unfortunately, desires do not always coincide with reality.

Having discovered problems with the hemocoagulation system in the expectant mother during registration, the obstetrician-gynecologist classifies her as a high-risk group and subsequently resolves the issues together with other specialists (hematologist, therapist, rheumatologist, allergist). In particularly serious cases (acute leukemia, hemolytic anemia), the doctor warns the woman about impending complications and offers to terminate the pregnancy for medical reasons.

Meanwhile, married couples who want to have a healthy child do not need to wait for an unplanned pregnancy; they should try to prepare for such an event in advance and with all seriousness. For example, a woman should get her liver in order as much as possible, if the organ is not completely healthy, treat other chronic diseases, and, if possible, deal with the allergic status.

A family history of hemophilia is very important - the presence of a similar disease in the family of the mother or father requires mandatory consultation and a conclusion from a geneticist.

Of course, each specific variant of pathology requires separate consideration and a special approach, so it is hardly possible to give recommendations for all cases. However, women with a burdened heredity and medical history, in the hope of safely giving birth to a healthy child, should remember that during pregnancy, many hidden, asymptomatic diseases can suddenly manifest themselves in the worst possible way, therefore, they will have to listen to the advice of a doctor and constantly monitor their health.

To conclude this section, I would like to provide a table of normal values ​​of individual (most significant) indicators during pregnancy:

Treatment

Inpatient treatment of patients suffering from hemophilia and other congenital forms of blood incoagulability is carried out in specialized clinics or departments. While at home, patients are under the supervision of a doctor who deals with hemostasis problems.

The principles of treatment of all forms of hemophilia, von Willebrand disease and other hereditary pathological conditions caused by poor blood clotting are identical in almost all cases - replacement therapy (administration of the missing factor concentrate, cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma), however, in the treatment of these diseases there are some nuances, for example, for hemophilia B, cryoprecipitate and FVIII concentrate do not give the expected effect, so the main hope falls on the commercial version of factor IX concentrate. Unfortunately, commercial forms of antihemophilic globulin A and B concentrate can carry hepatitis viruses, so patients often also suffer from liver disease (especially those who have been treated for many years).

Drugs that increase blood clotting in hereditary coagulopathies, for example, tranexamic acid (fibrinolysis inhibitor) and hemostatics play a supporting role.

Drugs that increase blood clotting (hemostatics) and are prescribed to patients with both congenital and acquired problems of the hemostatic system include:

1. Medicines that stimulate the formation of fibrin blood clots (coagulants) of direct (fibrinogen, thrombin) and indirect (phytomenadione, vikasol) action;
2. Fibrinolysis inhibitors of animal origin (contrical, gordox) and synthetically produced (amben, tranexam, aminocaproic acid);
3. Agents that stimulate platelet aggregation (calcium chloride, eseline);
4. Drugs that reduce the permeability of vascular walls: synthetically obtained - etamsylate, adroxon, vitamin preparations - ascorutin, quercetin, as well as herbal products obtained from nettle, arnica, yarrow and other medicinal herbs.

It should be noted that people suffering from hemophilia A or B are not given intramuscular injections (to avoid the formation of large hematomas) - medications are administered intravenously, piercing only the superficial veins (others are very dangerous!), given to drink in the form of tablets or used topically (collagen hemostatic sponge, sponge (of the same effect) with Ambien, etc.).

Folk remedies and food

Undoubtedly, folk remedies will not cure serious pathology of the hemocoagulation system, however, with reduced blood clotting caused by another disease, they can be used as an auxiliary treatment, because people have been using for many centuries: various herbs, tree bark (oak), berries (viburnum) to stop bleeding.

For people suffering from poor blood clotting, it is advisable to pay attention to diet, since a number of food products can also help treatment or, conversely, provoke bleeding.

With reduced blood clotting, the patient should give preference to foods such as buckwheat, nettle or cabbage salad, seasoned with parsley, dill, and spinach. No one forbids pampering yourself with bananas, cranberry juice, and walnuts.

However, in any case, only a healthy person is allowed to rely on folk remedies if, for example, he was walking and slightly scratched his leg. Of course, you can pick a burdock leaf, apply it, and then only remember the injury in the evening. As for people suffering from hemostasis pathology, they cannot do without a doctor. The slightest injury is a reason to seek medical help.

Video: about hemostasis and genetics