Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Infectious skin diseases, symptoms and treatment How to treat skin diseases in people

Skin diseases are a complex inflammatory reaction of the skin with different localizations that occurs as a consequence of the direct impact of various physical and chemical irritants on the skin.

The reasons for the development of skin diseases in people can be "endogenous"(internal):

Metabolic disorders (metabolism),
Hormonal imbalances and changes (especially in adolescence),
Intestinal dysbiosis,
Various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
Stress.

The intensity and strength of the lesion can be influenced by heredity, individual characteristics of the body, tendency to allergic reactions, reaction to medications, and infectious diseases.

Sometimes the appearance of a skin disease can be psychosomatic in nature: that is, it may have a psychogenic origin, for example, a reaction to severe emotional stress, conflict, acute personal experiences. In this case, treatment with special means is combined (or completely replaced) psychotherapy.

Main symptoms:

Redness of the skin;
Various skin rashes (by shape, color, duration);
Burning sensations;
Insomnia - unpleasant sensations can prevent you from falling asleep, causing pain on its own or when in contact with surfaces.

Types of skin diseases in humans

Fungi

Can hit:

Nails, hair and skin;
Outer layer of skin (epidermis) + redness;
The stratum corneum of the epidermis (with already dead cells, this layer protects our body from the serious consequences of skin diseases.

Examples: scab, microsporia, trichonophytia (deep and superficial).

Are considered contagious skin diseases transmitted from person to person.

Ulcers

Caused by: staphylococci and streptococci. Also caused by infections, as a consequence of cooling and even mental trauma.

There are 2 types of ulcers:

Superficial pyoderma: nail rash, pustular rash, folliculitis, seizure.
Deep pyoderma: the appearance of carbuncles, furuncles, hidradenitis.

Leprosy

Also known as leprosy. A severe chronic disease, the mucous membrane of the skin undergoes mutational changes. It may not manifest itself (incubation period) from 1 to 10 years (or even more).

Signs after the end of the incubation period: nosebleeds, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes.

Cutaneous tuberculosis

Also known as " ". The risk group is people already suffering from tuberculosis as a lung disease.

Kinds:

ulcerative;
warty;
lupus vulgaris.

Signs:

presence of spots on the skin;
tubercles;
ulcers (red-bluish tint);
If left untreated, ulcers transform into scars.

Pediculosis (lice). Easily treatable.
Scabies. Causative agent: scabies, mite. Sign: gray rashes in the shape of a winding line (2-3 mm), possible blisters on the skin, red nodules, watery crusts. Treatment is necessary - scabies can develop into eczema.

Eczema

A skin disease that can occur in both acute and chronic forms.

Symptoms of eczema:

skin swelling;
redness;
reddish nodules (transform into bursting bubbles up to the state of erosion - a continuous weeping surface), then to the state of a crust, which falls off on its own;
constant severe itching.

How is it treated?

Diet, therapeutic nutrition, use of vitamins.
Drug therapy to improve immunity.
Antibiotics may be used for severe forms of the disease.
External treatment with ointments, creams, sprays. For mild and moderate forms of the disease, non-hormonal drugs are prescribed; for severe forms, hormonal drugs are prescribed, which are characterized by strong effects and frequent side effects.

In conclusion, we note that prevention of skin diseases is the best method of control. Maintaining hygiene, a balanced diet, and precautions (for example, when being in nature) will best protect you from skin diseases.

Facial diseases can be caused by external and internal causes. It is important to understand that there may be several factors that provoke the appearance of skin diseases. The exact causes of the problem can only be determined by a dermatologist, who must know the full picture of your health. In particular, exacerbation of gastrointestinal diseases is often accompanied by skin rashes and changes in complexion.

Causes of skin diseases

Important! Facial skin diseases that are not associated with infections and viruses can be triggered by chronic diseases, genetic characteristics or external factors.

Cuperosis

This disease can be recognized by specific capillary networks or stars. It occurs due to the expansion of the vascular walls and loss of their elasticity, which causes blood stagnation. A skin disease can manifest itself as just one “point” or a whole network that spreads along the wings of the nose, cheeks, and area around the eyes. Often rosacea signals a predisposition to diseases of the cardiovascular system or liver diseases.

Frequent causes:

injuries;
exposure to UV rays;
heredity;
drinking alcohol and smoking;
prolonged exposure to low temperatures;
peeling and other cosmetic procedures;
presence of chronic diseases.

Acne

Symptoms: presence of acne, ulcers, internal pimples. Cause of manifestation: inflammation of the sebaceous glands. There are three degrees of acne severity: high - more than 40 lesions, medium - from 10 to 40, mild - up to 20 formations.

Causes of the disease:

hormonal changes (age-related, menstrual and others);
heredity;
side effect of hormone therapy.

Acne usually occurs in teenagers, but can also occur in adults. People with oily skin or hormonal imbalances are at risk.

Allergy

An allergic reaction may appear in the form of itching, peeling, swelling, redness and rashes. The reaction can be observed when exposed to external and internal factors: food intake, use of cosmetics, the presence of pollen, contact with tissues. The rash can occur all over the body and only affect the face.

Melanoma

This is a malignant tumor that can develop from a nevus. Main signs: pain, change in contour or color, thickening, enlargement of the nevus. Adult patients most often suffer from melanoma.

Keratosis

Manifestation: keratinization, thickening, peeling of the skin area. The process occurs without inflammation, but brings pain during development, as the skin may crack, itching, and ulceration.

Vitiligo

Lack of pigmentation in areas of the skin, causing white or pink spots to appear on the body and face. The spots may enlarge, forming large lesions tending to be round in shape. The causes have not been established.

Chloasma

Opposites of vitiligo: excessive pigmentation. The area is dark, usually brown, and gradually enlarges. spots may merge into one rounded lesion. May be caused by pregnancy or diseases: disorders of the ovaries, liver or pituitary gland.

Perioral dermatitis

The disease most often affects women. Papulopustules and small papules, no more than 2 mm in size, are localized in the periorbital and/or perioral. It often appears after taking corticosteroid drugs prescribed for other skin diseases. Important: with this disease, a narrow unaffected skin area around the lip contour is observed.

Rosacea

As a rule, the lesions affect only the skin of the face; an adult patient with a genetic predisposition is at risk. It has a polyetiological nature and a staged course. Manifestation: facial hyperemia, pustules, edematous papules, telangiectasia. Important: hyperplasia of connective tissue and sebaceous glands is characteristic, and not increased secretion of sebaceous glands (unlike acne). As a rule, the skin disease manifests itself in patients aged 35-40 years, reaching a peak at 40-50 years. The disease is provoked by changes in the tone of the superficial vessels of the skin caused by endogenous and exogenous factors.

Demodicosis

Small nodular sarcoidosis

Manifestation: nodular elements with a dense consistency with sharp boundaries. They can have a color from pink to brownish-yellow. Telangiectasias form on the surface of some papules. In place of resolved elements, small atrophic scars form. Diascopy reveals the phenomenon of “dustiness” and small yellowish spots. Resolved elements tend to form scars.

Important! Fungal and infectious diseases of the facial skin are provoked by pathogenic organisms. Infections on the face can infect deep tissues or enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis.

Seborrheic dermatitis

In this case, the rashes mainly affect the nasolabial folds, scalp, chin and behind-the-ear folds. It occurs more often in patients with seborrhea, another skin disease. Sometimes the lesion affects the body: the skin along the spine, between the shoulder blades or on the chest. The observed foci of erythema have clear boundaries, yellowish scales and small follicular nodules. A patient with the disease may experience slight itching.

Streptococcal infection

Mainly found in women and children, the lesion affects smooth skin and has no connection with the follicular apparatus. Manifestation: phlectena or impetigo, which quickly opens and forms serous-purulent crusts. It is most often observed in the corners of the mouth and eyes.

Important! Pustular diseases of the facial skin most often occur due to the influence of streptococci, fungal infections, staphylococci and other infections. Factors contributing to the development of the disease: elevated blood sugar, microtrauma, hypovitaminosis. There are superficial and deep forms. Boils with one purulent-necrotic core and carbuncles are a manifestation of the deep form.

Folliculitis

More often found in adult men. When removing hair from the affected area, a purulent muff around the hair root is clearly visible. Most often, pustular lesions are superficial. In folliculitis, the pustule is located at the mouth of the hair follicle. A similar deviation - sycosis - is localized in the area of the eyebrows, beard, and other bristly hair, with the formation of a fairly large pustule.

Acne vulgaris

Purulent inflammation of the hair follicle and the sebaceous gland itself. Often caused by a staph infection. Usually the rashes are observed on the face, chest, and back. The course of the facial disease: the appearance of blackheads - comedones, then the appearance of a painful red nodule, after which - the formation of a purulent pustule.

With infections, necrotic acne is possible, in which necrosis progresses deep in the element. In this case, after healing, a scar forms. The spread of the process increases the risk of abscesses and acne conglobata.

Important! Viral skin diseases occur in 3-4% of adult patients and up to 10% of children.

Herpes simplex

Scientists estimate that this form of herpes occurs in 90% of the population. The virus enters the body through injured skin, mucous membranes, and possibly through sexual contact. Herpes may not manifest itself for years, but become more active under stress, other diseases, or hypothermia. In this case, a blistering reaction occurs in a small area of skin, usually on the face.

Shingles

Essentially, this is a severe form of herpes. It is more often diagnosed in older people with low immunity or who have had illness or significant stress. The rash is not painful, but if left untreated it can cause central nervous system damage.

HPV - Human papillomavirus

Causes the appearance of condylomas and warts on the mucous membranes and skin. More than 200 varieties of the virus are known, of which 50% are the main cause of warts. The cause of the virus is low immunity and skin microtraumas. When infected, the virus may not appear for a long time, but become more active when the body weakens. There is a definite connection between HPV infection and some forms of cancer, including cervical cancer.

Important! Usually, each disease has pronounced symptoms, but often skin changes can be grouped, which complicates the diagnostic process. To find out the reasons for the appearance of deviations, it is necessary to undergo an examination and be extremely frank with the dermatologist, without hiding habits or diseases. Self-medication or use of drugs without an accurate diagnosis can worsen the situation.

Skin is an organ that covers the entire body of a person or animal. Despite its apparent external simplicity, the skin is a very complex system, because it takes part in the body’s respiration, thermoregulation, and also protects against environmental influences. Skin diseases can make a person’s quality of life worse, and some of them significantly change the patient’s usual lifestyle. In this article we will look at the most common skin diseases.

General information

Skin is a complex structure that includes several layers, subcutaneous fat, hair roots, pores, small nerve endings, etc. The structure of the skin can be seen schematically in the following figure:

Skin diseases are widespread. Up to 15% of visits to a general practitioner are due to these diseases. The most common skin diseases are:

itchy dermatoses;
hyperkeratoses;
malignant neoplasms of the skin;
acne, dermatophytosis, boils and carbuncles;
nevi and warts.

Pruritic dermatoses

Acute urticaria is a disease of an allergic nature. It manifests itself as a maculopapular rash on the skin, the elements of which tend to merge. The rash is accompanied by itching.

This is a group of inflammatory skin diseases characterized by blistering, weeping, redness, itching and peeling. Pruritic deramosis includes urticaria, diffuse and limited neurodermatitis, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, xeroderma, and contact dermatitis.

Dermatophytosis

Dermatophytosis is a group of diseases caused by fungi. These are one of the most common skin diseases. Thus, (onychomycosis) occurs in almost 18% of the population, and among older people - in 50%.
People over 70 years of age are a kind of reservoir for the existence of onychomycosis. Very often they do not go to the doctor and are not treated. In this case, the infection spreads among the family of such an elderly person. The infection is subsequently transmitted to others in swimming pools, baths, and showers. The prevalence of onychomycosis is high in fairly closed professional groups (military personnel, miners, athletes, metallurgists).
Fungal infection of smooth skin is somewhat less common, but is also highly contagious (infectious). It should be understood that dermatophytosis is unlikely to occur on healthy skin and nails. This disease is often a symptom of serious problems in the human immune, endocrine and vascular systems.