Public associations as opposed to political parties. What is the difference between a political party and a social movement?

The main purpose of the party is to gain power. The seizure of power is carried out through election campaigns and the party program. The party takes control of the state machinery to implement its program. The state is an instrument, a means in the hands of the party to solve its problems. Thus, the party has a leading role, an organizing force. Society Organizations- do not set themselves political goals. public association represent a voluntary self-governing non-profit formation created on the initiative of citizens united on the basis of community and interests to realize common goals specified in the statutory documents (PUBLIC FUNDS, MOVEMENTS, ORGANIZATIONS).

In the political system of modern Russian society political parties play an ever-increasing role, becoming structure-forming elements of the democratic system. They realize their goals by covering many areas of public life with their activities: they stimulate the active participation of citizens in politics; influence the formation of public opinion; develop the political culture of citizens and promote their political education; identify and justify the interests of large social groups; ensure constant communication between civil society and the state; nominate candidates for government bodies and provide them with all possible support; participate in the activities of elected authorities, government, administration; prepare and promote personnel for state and public organizations; have a significant impact on the formation of public opinion, on the position of citizens, and become a kind of catalysts for social processes and the activities of political power structures.

Goals of creating political parties:

A. Formation of public opinion.

b. Political education and upbringing of citizens. For this purpose, various clubs are created, events are held, etc.

V. Nomination of candidates for deputies, participation in various elections, and, in case of victory, work in representative bodies.

d. Mastery of state power. She was always a very tasty morsel.

Functions of political parties:

Identification, formulation and satisfaction of social interests. groups (large social groups)

Activation and integration of a certain part of people

The struggle for political power, its use, the determination of forms, methods and means of struggle depending on the changing situation

Formation of supreme and local authorities (nomination of their supporters, organization of control over their parliamentary activities)

Development of party ideology, creation and implementation of a political program for the development of society, conducting propaganda, forming public opinion

Political education of society or part of it

Training and promotion of personnel for the party, government. apparatus and various public organizations, the formation of the ruling elite.

Types of political parties:

Class (represent the interests of social groups that differ in their place in the structure of production relations, for example, entrepreneurs, workers)

National, religious (at the state level they express the specific interests of a particular ethnic group or denomination and set the task of ensuring their priority in the state, for example, the Islamic Renaissance Party)

Problematic (subordinate their activities to the solution of some social problem, the most pressing, pressing, important, for example, an environmental party, a peace or disarmament party, land reform)

State-patriotic (focused on mobilizing representatives of all social strata and groups to ensure the integrity and stability of the state)

Forming around a popular political figure and acting as his support groups

Revolutionary

Reformist

Ruling,

Oppositional;

Centrist;

Avant-garde type,

Parliamentary type;

The consignment avant-garde type- Communist Party during the USSR period. The leading role is enshrined in law, the one-party system does not tolerate political pluralism, its ideology is supported by state coercion. Clearly fixed membership and fees. It is built on the basis of the production-territorial principle (Yeltsin’s Decree abolished this principle), which makes it possible to cover all production relations through labor collectives, all public associations, etc. Covered all spheres of society.

Party of parliamentary type: the main purpose is election campaigns to a representative body, the conquest of power through obtaining a majority of seats in parliament. They become more active during the election campaign.

The place and role of a party depends not only on the type of party, but also on the type of political system in which it operates.

The place and role of the party depends on:

1. type of political system.

2. batch type.

3. form of government.

31. State and religious associations: legal forms of their interaction. (quite a lot, let’s abbreviate)

State- a political-territorial, sovereign organization of public power, which has an apparatus of control and coercion, with the help of which it can impose its will through generally binding legal norms on all members of society.

Religious association The Russian Federation recognizes a voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation and other persons, formed for the purpose of jointly professing and spreading the faith and having characteristics corresponding to this goal.

In totalitarian distributive systems, there is actual state intervention in the affairs of the church. Such political systems tried to use the church for their own purposes. In societies where certain religious systems were dominant, on the contrary, religious organizations influenced the functioning of state institutions. In these societies, the relationship between the state and religious entities is very contradictory:

from the complete subordination of state institutions to religious rules and requirements to periodic conflicts of the state. In general, the church in many societies is practically and in fact an important element of the political system of society, although in liberal democratic systems this position is not openly recognized and is even constitutionally rejected.

Federal Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”

Article 4. State and religious associations

1. The Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion can be established as state or compulsory. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.

2. In accordance with the constitutional principle of separation religious associations from the state state:

· does not interfere in a citizen’s determination of his attitude to religion and religious affiliation, in the upbringing of children by parents or persons replacing them, in accordance with their convictions and taking into account the child’s right to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion;

· ensures the secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions.

4. The activities of state authorities and local governments are not accompanied by public religious rites and ceremonies. Officials of state authorities, other state bodies and local self-government bodies, as well as military personnel, do not have the right to use their official position to form one or another attitude towards religion.

5. In accordance with the constitutional principle of separation of religious associations from the state, a religious association:

· is created and operates in accordance with its own hierarchical and institutional structure, selects, appoints and replaces its personnel according to its own regulations;

· does not perform the functions of state authorities, other state bodies, state institutions and local government bodies;

· does not participate in elections to state authorities and local self-government bodies;

· does not participate in the activities of political parties and political movements, does not provide them with material or other assistance.

6. The separation of religious associations from the state does not entail restrictions on the rights of members of these associations to participate on an equal basis with other citizens in the management of state affairs, elections to state authorities and local governments, the activities of political parties, political movements and other public associations.

7. At the request of religious organizations, the relevant government bodies in the Russian Federation have the right to declare religious holidays non-working (holiday) days in the relevant territories.

Church- This;

1) a union of people professing the same faith;

2) a religious organization, the purpose of which is to ensure regular relationships between its members and structural units, as well as to establish and maintain connections with secular organizations.

Interaction between state and church is determined by its double meaning: as a moral-religious and as a legal union. Depending on what rights are granted churches, in relationships her with state the following four types of systems can be defined: 1) theocracy, or priority churches before the state; 2) dominant church; 3) recognized churches; 4) churches tolerant. In relation to different religions state can use different systems.
Depending on the attitude towards religion in the modern world, there are:
1. Theocratic state- This state, in which the chapter states performs the functions of the supreme clergyman, a state religion has been established in the country, and state power belongs to churches. In theocratic state The main source of law is religious norms. Today like this states are the Vatican, Iran, Pakistan, etc.
Signs of a theocratic states: 1) establishment of a state religion, mandatory for everyone; 2) inclusion of religious organizations in the political system; 3) merging of the state apparatus and religious associations; 4) the religious leader heads government bodies and has the powers of political government; 5) participation of religious organizations in the activities of government bodies, influencing their activities.
2. A secular state is a state in which there is no official religion, all religious associations are separated from state power and are equal to each other (Russian Federation, France, etc.).

Signs of a secular state:

1. absence of any compulsory (state) religion;
2) non-interference churches in government functions;
3) execution church exclusively spiritual function aimed at satisfying the religious needs of society;
4) lack of control over citizens’ attitudes towards religion;

The main sign of secularism states- separation of religious organizations from the state. In a secular state, religious associations are not entrusted with performing the functions of state authorities. At the same time, religious associations should not participate in the political life of the state. This feature is provided for in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the program documents of the Russian Orthodox Church. churches, Russian Muslim, Judaic and Protestant religious organizations.
3. Clerical state – state where power merges with church However, unlike a theocratic state, religions other than the state religion are not prohibited in the country. The state religion enjoys certain benefits, in particular tax benefits, and receives subsidies. Currently, Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Israel are clerical.
4. Atheistic state- This state, in which any religion is prohibited and religious associations are prosecuted. In atheistic states The publication and distribution of any religious literature, preaching and agitation are prohibited. Church deprived of property, clergy are held accountable. The former USSR was such a state.

State and Church

Types of states:

1) Secular

2) Theocratic

3) Clerical

4) Atheistic

Secular state

In a secular state, all types of religious organizations are separated from the state. They have no right to perform non-political or legal functions and cannot interfere in government affairs. The legal regime of religious organizations in a secular state is characterized by the following feature:

1) Government bodies do not have the right to control the attitudes of their citizens towards religion

2) The state does not interfere in internal church activities

3) The state does not provide any of the faiths with material, financial or any other assistance.

4) Religious organizations do not carry out instructions from the state

5) Confessions do not interfere in the political life of the country, but are engaged only in activities related to satisfying the religious needs of the population.

The state protects the legal activities of religious associations; guarantees freedom of religion, ensures equality of all religious organizations before the law

Many countries are exactly like this: Germany, France, Russia, CIS countries

Clerical state

A clerical state is considered to be a state where one or another religion officially has the status of a state religion. This religion occupies a privileged position compared to other faiths. The status of a state religion presupposes close cooperation between the state and the church, which covers various spheres of public life.

The status of a state religion is characterized by:

1) In the sphere of economic relations - this is the recognition of ownership of a wide range of objects

2) The church receives various subsidies, financial assistance, and tax breaks from the state

3) The Church has the right to participate in the political life of the country and often have its representation in government bodies

4) The Church is endowed with a number of legal powers

The church can exercise such powers as civil registration (a wedding is equivalent to state registration).

5) The Church exercises control in the field of education and upbringing, conducts religious censorship - printed materials, cinema, television.

But in a clerical state, despite the strong positions of the church, the merger of state and church does not occur. Declaring a particular religion as a state religion, as a rule, means that the state respects the religion professed by the majority of the population and adheres to religious traditions that constitute the spiritual and cultural value of the people.

These include countries such as: Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Spain.

The difference between the party and other political institutions

We must not forget that both the goals and functions of the party must, first of all, serve the interests of society, which delegates to the party the right to speak on behalf of broad sections of the population. If society believes that a party is an important instrument for defending the political rights of citizens, it can and should effectively use the “credit of trust” given to it.

Contents of the law on political parties in the Russian Federation and its main issues

• 1. All-Russian political party “UNITED RUSSIA”;
• 2. Political party “COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION”;
• 3. Political party “Liberal Democratic Party of Russia”;
• 4. Political party “PATRIOTS OF RUSSIA”;
• 5. All-Russian political party “RIGHT CASE”;
• 6. Political party A JUST RUSSIA;
• 7. Political party “Russian United Democratic Party “YABLOKO”;
• 8. Political party “Republican Party of Russia”;
• 9. Political party “Democratic Party of Russia”;
• 10. All-Russian political party “People's Party “For Women of Russia”;
• 11. Political party "Green Alliance - People's Party";
• 12. All-Russian political party “Party of Pensioners of Russia”;
• 13. Political party “Cities of Russia”;
• 14. Political party “Young Russia”;
• 15. All-Russian political party “New Russia”;
• 16. Political party “Russian Ecological Party “Greens”;
• 17. Political party “COMMUNISTS OF RUSSIA”;
• 18. All-Russian political party "People's Party of Russia";
• 19. All-Russian political party “Agrarian Party of Russia”;
• 20. All-Russian political party PARTY FOR JUSTICE!;
• 21. All-Russian political party “Party of Free Citizens”;
• 22. All-Russian political party “Party of Social Networks”;
• 23. Political party “Union of Citizens”;
• 24. Political party “Communist Party of Social Justice”;
• 25. Russian political party “Social Democratic Party of Russia”; Political Party
• 26. Political party SOCIAL PROTECTION;
• 27. Political party “SMART RUSSIA”.

At the end of the 90s More than 50 political parties have been registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. As of January 1, 1999, in accordance with the federal law of September 19, 1997 N 124-FZ “On the basic guarantees of electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation,” the Ministry of Justice registered 141 political parties and all-Russian political associations. There are also small political organizations that do not register their activities, as well as party formations whose history was denied registration due to the inconsistency of certain provisions of their program and charter documents with the norms of current legislation.

The current stage of development of the party system in Russia is characterized by the presence of a large number of small organizations that do not have wide popularity, not to mention political influence. Many of them are political organizations - fly-by-night organizations.

A group of influential parties has formed in Russia, here are some of them:

• - "Unity and Fatherland" - United Russia. Program goals: cooperation of all branches of government; not man for power, but power for man; the citizen has all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution; social partnership; an effective system of social guarantees; improving the business climate in the country, structural reforms, development of the financial market; Russia must become a country capable of protecting itself, where security is guaranteed for every person, where law enforcement agencies work reliably, and a fair judicial system operates; formation and support of international policy aimed at increasing Russia’s role in the world; maintaining social stability.
• - Communist Party of the Russian Federation. The main goals of the statutory activities: propaganda of socialism - a society of social justice, collectivism, freedom, equality, genuine democracy, meaning the power of the working majority, united through the Soviets; ensuring the maximum possible representation of workers in government bodies; the formation of a planned-market, socially-oriented, environmentally friendly economy that guarantees a stable standard of living for citizens; strengthening a federal multinational state with equal rights for all subjects of the Federation; the inextricable unity of human rights, complete equality of citizens of all nationalities throughout Russia, patriotism, friendship of peoples; ending armed conflicts, resolving controversial issues through political methods; protection of the interests of the working class, peasantry, intelligentsia, and all working people.
• - "Apple". Program goals: democracy, separation of powers. the return of control powers to parliament; in the economy, reform of management structures, the financial system, and property rights. key elements of social infrastructure, creation of the “economic foundations of a competitive market economy”, formation of an effective owner, entrepreneur, and proactive worker. creation of socio-economic and political prerequisites for achieving social harmony in society, rejection of the residual principle of financing science, culture and education, rejection of the use of military force in resolving internal conflicts.
• - Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. The main goals of the statutory activities are: building, by parliamentary methods, a rule-of-law state with a diverse, socially oriented economy through the promotion of the ideas of liberalism and liberal democracy; recognition of private property as sacred and inviolable; political pluralism; guarantee of civil rights and freedoms, ensuring equal opportunities and broad social protection of all members of society; upholding the equality of all nations and nationalities inhabiting Russia, resolving the national issue only within a constitutional framework; renunciation of violent actions.

economic systems? 4) what distinguishes the activities of an entrepreneur from other types of economic activities? 5) what organizational and legal forms are provided for by law? 6) why, even in a market economy, the state cannot withdraw from participation in economic life? 7) what tasks does the government solve when drawing up the state budget? 9) what is the danger of inflation for the family and society as a whole? 10) what is the positive and negative significance of foreign trade for the development of the national economy? If possible, please answer with one sentence, thanks in advance)

1) regulates relations according to the principle of “dominance-subordination”
2) restricts the freedom of someone who is in a state of subordination
3) relies on established norms and rules of behavior
4) is based on organized legal coercion, law and authority
2. Are the following judgments about the role of politics in society true?
A. Politics ensures the integrity and stability of the development of society.
B. Politics ensures the development and application of social norms.

3. Are the following judgments about the separation of powers true?
A. The principle of separation of powers is that there are three branches of government with strictly defined functions.
B. The principle of separation of powers presupposes the existence of a system of “checks and balances”
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
4. What distinguishes the state from other political organizations?
1) development of social development programs
2) representing the interests of certain groups of society
3) nomination of political leaders
4) exclusive right to adopt legal norms
5. R.’s organization extended its power to a certain territory. It ensures security and law and order, makes laws, and sets taxes. This organization is
1) state 3) public organization
2) political party 4) department
6. The supremacy and completeness of state power within the country and its independence in foreign policy are called
1) form of government 2) state sovereignty
3) form of government 4) political regime
7. Are the following judgments about the state true?
A. The state represents the interests of society as a whole and protects the common good.
B. The state in the modern world has the exclusive right to regulate economic processes.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is true 4) both judgments are incorrect
8. Find government authorities in the list above and write down the numbers under which they are listed.
1) Ministry of Education and Science 2) human rights organization
3) Association of Plastic Surgeons 4) City Registration Chamber
5) department of internal affairs
9. Possesses political power
1) school director 3) member of parliament
2) fitness club manager 4) father of the family

civil society 3) trade union organization 4) parliament

2. “All the shortcomings of the state must be healed carefully, like the wounds of a father. Traditions and continuity is the main thing in the development of society.” For which political ideology is this statement leading, basic?

1) conservative 2) liberal 3) social democratic 4) communist

3.Which area of ​​activity is typical for a political party in a democratic society

1) development of national economic plans 2) management of the activities of executive bodies

3) appointment of management personnel of industrial enterprises 4) promotion of one’s views in the media

4. From the point of view of attitude towards state power, parties are distinguished

1) competitive and monopoly 2) left, right, center 3) ruling and opposition

4) with strong and weak structure

5. Political party in a democracy

1) has the right to legalized violence 2) ratifies international treaties 3) creates legal norms 4) develops ideological programs

6.Are the following judgments about political parties true?

A. Any political party unites people who defend various social interests

B. Parties contribute to the dissemination of political knowledge in society

1) A is true 2) B is true 3) A and B are true 4) both judgments are incorrect

7.The political party participated in the elections using a proportional system. What does it mean that this party became the ruling party

1) the party got its candidates into parliament and formed a faction 2) the party received several parliamentary committees under its control 3) the party got the opportunity to implement its program in government political decisions 4) the party got the opportunity to conduct election campaigns on the pages of central newspapers

8. What ideology does the statement refer to: “The state should not interfere in development socio-economic sphere, providing citizens with entrepreneurial freedom.”

1) communist 2) social democratic 3) liberal 4) conservative

9. One of the tasks of any political party is

1) participation in the struggle for power 2) elections of parliamentary deputies 3) determination of prices for essential goods 4) collection of taxes from the population

A1. A court of general jurisdiction includes:
1) Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation 3) Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation
2) Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 4) Arbitration Court of Districts

A2.What are the functions of local governments?
1) collecting taxes 2) maintaining public order
3) uninterrupted operation of transport 4) protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens
5) work of retail trade enterprises

A3. What is characteristic of a unitary state?
1) action in subjects of their own laws
2) local authorities are subordinate to the central
3)development of mass production
4) lack of a constitution among the subjects
5) the head of the executive branch of the subject is appointed by the president

A4.What distinguishes the party from other political associations?
1) conquest of power or participation in the exercise of power
2) the association has existed for quite a long time
3) the association has a varied social composition
4)refusal to participate in elections
5) lack of clear organization
6) nomination of candidates for elections

A5. All the terms given below, with the exception of one, characterize the concept (dictatorship). Indicate the term that relates to another concept.
1) totalitarianism 2) tyranny 3) democracy 4) a firm hand 5) terror 6) fascism

Distinctive features of the party
First sign is that the party is an organization, i.e. a fairly long-term association of people. The long-term nature of the organization makes it possible to distinguish it from the clientele, factions, cliques that arise and disappear along with their inspirers and organizers.

Second sign parties - the existence of stable local organizations that maintain regular contacts with the national leadership.

Third sign is that the goal of the party is the conquest and exercise of power. The desire to exercise power allows us to distinguish parties from pressure groups. If parties set the goal of gaining power in elections and exercising it through the work of deputies in parliament and government, then pressure groups do not seek to seize power, but try to influence it while remaining outside its sphere.

Fourth sign party - ensuring popular support, from voting to active membership in it. On this basis, parties differ from political clubs, which do not participate in elections and parliamentary activities. Probably, the set of constitutive features of a party could be supplemented, for example, with an ideological criterion: the party is the bearer of a certain ideology and worldview.

Party systems. Features of party building in Russia.

party system - this is a set of connections and relationships between parties claiming to have power in the country.

Depending on the number of parties actually vying for power, the following types of party systems are distinguished:

§ bottom party;

§ bipartisan;

§ multi-party.

One party system

Fundamental feature one-party system is the monopoly of one party on power. Similar systems can exist under totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. One-party systems are divided into truly one-party systems, i.e. those in which a single party exists and rules, and formally multi-party ones, where, despite the existence of several parties, power is controlled by the hegemonic party. A similar system existed in Eastern European countries until 1989-1990, and is currently typical for China, where, along with the ruling Communist Party, there are eight other parties.

Two party system

Bipartisan the system is characterized by constant competition between the two main parties. The remaining parties do not have significant political weight. A similar party system exists in the USA and Great Britain.

Multi-party system

Multi-party, The system is characterized by political competition between several parties. Depending on the number of parties, party systems of moderate (from three to five) and extreme (from six or more) pluralism are distinguished; none of them can independently be in power. As a result, there is a need to organize coalitions both for forming a government and for internal parliamentary work. Multiparty systems are divided into systems with and without a dominant party.

Russia is characterized by significant features of party building. The creation of parties began much later than in the countries of Western Europe, their formation came from below, from the parties of the working class, while parties at the top began to be created only during the first Russian revolution after the publication of the Tsar’s Manifesto on October 17, 1905. Russian multi-party system did not develop for long, until about the summer of 1918, then it was interrupted for almost 70 years.

The development of the modern multi-party system in Russia has gone through several stages:

1986 – 1988 – development of informal public organizations;

1988 – 1989 – the stage of action of popular fronts and proto-party structures;

1990 – 1991 – the first wave of party formation (in 1990, the LDPR, a democratic platform in the CPSU, was formed, in 1991, the People's Party of Free Russia was established);

1991 – 1993 – the second wave of party building, which began after August 1991 (Economic Freedom Party, Consolidation Party, Peasant Party, etc.);

1993 – 1995 - at this stage, the breakdown of the proto-party system and the formation of new political parties begins - PRES, the “Choice of Russia” bloc, “Yabloko”;

1995 – 2000 – a period of extensive development of a multi-party system, the subjects of which compete not for the conquest of power, but for deputy mandates;

2000 - to the present - a period of conscious efforts by power structures to create one or another modification of the two-party system.

The election law has now been changed. The authorities are doing everything to reduce the number of parties in parliament in order to achieve a two-party system.

According to the new law, the minimum turnout in elections has been abolished and the passing score for parties must be at least 7%. Under these conditions, the maximum number of parties in parliament is 5.

Duverger's laws

Duverger's law is a principle in political science that states that winner-take-all electoral systems tend to result in a two-party political system. This trend was discovered by Maurice Duverger, a French sociologist and political scientist, who described this effect in a series of papers published in the 1950s and 1960s.

The essence of the law:

The system of majoritarian representation means that the chances of new small parties getting into parliament are very small. As a rule, in parliament there are, on the one hand, representatives of a traditional people's party, often of a social democratic direction, and on the other, a liberal-conservative party. Typical examples are the two-party systems of the USA, Malta, etc.

The law is based on the idea that reasonable politicians and voters will eventually understand the futility of having more than two parties compete at the national level. Although there may be three parties in the competition for a few years, the one that begins to lose votes will disappear quickly. This will happen when it becomes clear to everyone that she will not get a seat in the representative body as long as the votes in her favor are evenly distributed throughout the country. Conversely, the number of parties in a proportional electoral system will be determined by social forces rather than by a system that allows multiple parties to vote simultaneously.