How does temperament affect learning? The mood of people with different types of character

Ryazantseva Irina

Temperament refers to the innate characteristics of a person’s personality that determine the dynamics of chemical processes.

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Research

MBOU secondary school in the village of Bratovshchina named after Hero of the Soviet Union V.S. Sevrin

“The influence of temperament on a person’s character”

Performed:

9th grade student

Ryazantseva Irina

Scientific adviser:

Zhdanova O.I.

2015

1. Introduction…………………………………………………….… …...…3-4
2. Types of temperament…………………………………………….……......5-6
3. Character and personality types………………………………………………………......7
4. The influence of temperament on a person’s character and behavior......................8
5. Practical part……………………………………………………………….….….9-10
6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………….…….….…11
7. Literature………………………………………………………..…..12

Introduction

The individual psychological characteristics of a person’s personality and his temperament color all a person’s activities and behavior.

Temperament can be easily determined by the speed of a person’s movements, by the tempo of his speech, by the ability to quickly and easily get involved in work, by responsiveness to the feelings of other people, by the ability to get carried away with a task, while showing great persistence and passion, by fussiness, and by the desire to communicate with friends , by the speed of mood changes, by courage, and even by facial expression and timbre of voice.

Relevance of my research: the problem that will be discussed in this work has occupied humanity for more than 25 centuries. Familiarity with the concept and types of temperaments allows not only to satisfy cognitive interest. Knowledge in this area is necessary for the professional activity of a teacher when choosing an individual approach in the learning process, a student when choosing a future profession, when people communicate with each other, as well as for managers at all levels when building tactics for business relationships.

Purpose of the study:studying the influence of temperament on personality;

Research objectives:

Analyze the concept of “temperament”

Study the basic properties of temperament

Explore character types

Object of study: temperament and personality

Research hypothesis: prove that character is related to temperament and its abilities

Research methods: questioning using methods for determining temperament by Eysenck and Belov, statistical processing of the material

1.Temperament - what is it?

What is temperament? Temperament refers to the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of his mental processes. It is temperament that determines a person’s reactions to external circumstances. It largely shapescharacter of a person, his individuality is the connecting link between the body and cognitive processes. There are four simple types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.

The term “temperament” itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from the Latin word “temperans”, which means moderate. The word temperament itself can be translated as “the proper ratio of parts.”

Since ancient times, people have paid attention to the fact that one person is very calm and balanced, while the other is active and reacts violently to everything. Even in childhood, we notice that some of us are active, cheerful, persistent, while others are slow, shy, leisurely in words and actions. It is in these features that temperament manifests itself.

The famous teacher Merlin wrote: “Imagine two rivers - one calm, flat, the other fast, mountainous. The flow of the first is barely noticeable, it smoothly carries its waters, it does not have bright pop-ups, stormy waterfalls, or splashes. The course of the second is the complete opposite. The river rushes quickly, the water in it rumbles, boils and, hitting the stones, turns into shreds of foam... Something similar can be observed in the behavior of people.”

So why are people different? Observations show us that all people are different not only in their appearance, in their behavior and movements. A person’s personality is unique; no two people are alike. From birth, a person has certain mental properties inherent only to him.

What explains this difference in behavior? First of all, by temperament, which manifests itself in any type of activity, in gait, in gestures, in all behavior. The individual psychological characteristics of a person’s personality and his temperament give a unique color to all activities and behavior.

The question of temperament remains largely controversial and unresolved today. However, with all the diversity of approaches, psychologists recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which personality is formed as a social subject.

2.Types of temperament

People with pronounced traits of a certain temperament are not very common; most often people have mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to classify a person as one or another type. The most common classifications include the following types of temperament:

Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. A choleric person has a tremendous capacity for work, however, when he gets carried away, he quickly becomes exhausted.

Phlegmatic person - unhurried, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and balanced. He is productive at work, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Sanguine - a lively, hot, active person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily reconciling himself with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested; if the work is not interesting, he treats it indifferently and becomes bored.

Melancholic - prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. Theirasthenic he often cannot restrain his experiences by force of will; he is highly impressionable and emotionally vulnerable.

Properties of temperament

Each temperament can have both positive and negative properties. Good parenting, control andself-control makes it possible to manifest:

Melancholic, as an impressionable person with deep experiences andemotions ;

Phlegmatic, as a self-possessed person without hasty decisions; a sanguine person, as a highly responsive person for any work;

Choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

Negative properties of temperament:

in a melancholic person - isolation and shyness;

A phlegmatic person has excessive slowness;

A sanguine person has superficiality, scatteredness, inconstancy;

A choleric person has hasty decisions, irritability, and aggressiveness.

A person of any type of temperament may or may not be capable; The type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - by another.

Influence of temperament

The following depend on a person’s temperament:

• rate of occurrencemental processes (for example speedperception , speed thinking , duration of concentrationattention and so on.);
• pace and rhythm of activity;
• intensity mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, activitywill );
• the direction of mental activity towards certain objects (extroversion or introversion ).

3.Character and personality types

Character is understood as a set of stable personality traits that develop under the influence of upbringing and self-education, activity, and communication with other people. Character defines the behavior that is typical for a given person. Knowing the character of a person, to some extent you can predict his actions. If temperament is an innate property of a person, then character is acquired in the process of life and reflects the individual uniqueness of the individual.

Psychology knows two fundamentally different personality types: extroverts and introverts.

Extroverts are a type of personality (or behavior) that is oriented in its manifestations outward, towards others.

Introverts are a type of personality (or behavior) oriented inward or towards oneself.

Extroverts are characterized by behavior in which a person strives to:

• to communicate with people,
• attention from others,
• participation in public speaking,
• participation in crowded events and parties.

An extrovert can be an excellent toastmaster, organizer (often on a voluntary basis), official, manager of people, artist or entertainer.

Introverts are characterized by behavior that is more related to comfortable solitude, internal reflections and experiences, creativity, or observation of the process. An introvert can be an excellent scientist, researcher, observer, writer, or self-employed entrepreneur. If an extrovert needs the presence of other people for comfort, then an introvert is comfortable working alone.

No one is completely introverted or extroverted. You can be an introvert when it comes to work, but an extrovert when it comes to family. You can be an introvert in your religious beliefs, but an extrovert when it comes to sports. Therefore, when someone takes a corresponding psychological test, the score will be a percentage - for example, 54% extrovert and 46% introvert.

4. The influence of temperament on a person’s character and behavior

Each type of activity requires a certain temperament.It can be figuratively described that people of choleric temperament are more suitable for active risky activities (“warriors”), sanguines for organizational activities (“politicians”), melancholics for creative activities in science and art (“thinkers”), phlegmatics for systematic and fruitful activity (“creators”). Certain human characteristics are contraindicated for certain types of activities and professions; for example, slowness, inertia, and weakness of the nervous system are contraindicated for the activities of a fighter pilot.

Temperament leaves its mark on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he gets lost in a new situation, among new of people. A phlegmatic person also has difficulty getting along with new people, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to begin love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him a monogamist. For choleric and sanguine people, on the contrary, love often arises with an explosion, at first sight, but is not so stable.

The special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently move from one type of activity to another, efficiency in decision-making, and the monotony and regimentation of activities leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, under conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.

5. Practical part

The theoretical assumptions I made during the analysis of literature on the topic require confirmation in practice. For this purpose, a survey and testing of students in grades 9-11 was organized and conducted, and the results of these studies were analyzed.

Of the 20 respondents:

Sanguine-10 (50%)

Melancholikov-2 (10%)

Phlegmatics-6 (30%)

Cholerics - 2 (10%)

Evaluation of results using the Eysenck questionnaire:

14 people are moderate extroverts

2- significant extroverts

4- moderate introverts

Practical experiment

Target: observe the reactions of people with different temperaments in a life situation;

Experiment object:people with different types of temperament (previously tested children participate in the experiment)

Location:school canteen;

Progress of the experiment.

There is a long line for lunch in the school canteen. The boy tries to skip the line and gets pushed. We observe the reaction of the participants in the experiment. In this situation, the Melancholic was confused, and then, offended, stepped aside. The choleric person, on the contrary, reacted sharply, could not contain his irritation, and flared up in response. The sanguine man calmly explained to this boy that he needed to get in line and maintain discipline. Phlegmatic in this situation can be compared to a “tank”, since it seems that he did not notice this boy at all.

After conducting this experiment, it became clear that, due to their temperament, each person reacted in his own way, in accordance with his character.

Conclusion.

Thus, we conclude that temperament influences character and closely interacts with it.

Conclusion

Based on the work done, having studied the properties of temperament and character types, I identified their influence on each other. From the research work it is clear that character is not inherited and is not innate, as well as a constant and unchangeable property of the individual; character is formed and developed under the influence of the environment, a person’s life experience and his upbringing. All people are different not only in appearance, but also in behavior and movements. For example, if you monitor the behavior of students in class, you can immediately notice the difference in the behavior and movements of each one. Some have unhurried, correct movements, a noticeable calmness in their gaze, while others have sudden movements, fussiness in their eyes, but most of them show similar results in development. Temperament manifests itself in any type of activity (play, work, study, creative), in gait, gestures, and in all behavior. Knowing the type of temperament and the ability to determine it in a specific person helps the human personality to find an approach to a specific person and better build relationships with him and in the team.

Literature

1. Kretschmer E. “Body structure and character” - M., 2001.
2. Nemov R.S. General principles of psychology, vol. 1. M.: “Center”, 1998.
3. http://womanadvice.ru/ Temperament and character
4. Nurkova V.V., Berezanskaya N.B. Psychology: Moscow/ Yurayt 2004.
5. Platonov K.K. A brief dictionary of the system of psychological concepts: Higher School - M., 1984.
6. Libin V.N. Psychology of individuality. St. Petersburg, 1998.
7. Strelyau Ya. The role of temperament in mental development: “Progress” - M., 1982.
8. A.G.Dragomilov Biology textbook for 8th grade students Moscow “Ventana-Graph” 2006
9. Kunitsina V.N. and others. Interpersonal communication. – St. Petersburg, 2002.
10. Modern dictionary of psychology / Author-comp. V.V. Yurchuk. – Mn.: Elaida, 2000.

The problem that will be discussed in this lecture has occupied humanity for more than 25 centuries. Interest in it is associated with the evidence of individual differences between people. The psyche of each person is unique. Its uniqueness is associated both with the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the organism, and with the unique composition of social connections and contacts. The biologically determined substructures of personality include, first of all, temperament. When they talk about temperament, they mean many mental differences between people - differences in depth, intensity, stability of emotions, emotional sensitivity, pace, energy of actions and other dynamic, individually stable features of mental life, behavior and activity. However, temperament today remains a largely controversial and unresolved problem. However, with all the diversity of approaches to the problem, scientists and practitioners admit that temperament- the biological foundation on which the personality is formed as a social being. Temperament reflects the dynamic aspects of behavior, predominantly of an innate nature, therefore the properties of temperament are the most stable and constant compared to other mental characteristics of a person. The most specific feature of temperament is that the various properties of a given person’s temperament are not accidentally combined with each other, but are naturally interconnected, forming a certain organization that characterizes 3 temperaments.

So, under temperament one should understand the individually unique properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, which, equally manifested in a variety of activities regardless of its content, goals, motives, remain constant in adulthood and in interconnection characterize the type of temperament.

Before moving on to considering the various types and characteristics of temperament, we should immediately make a reservation that there are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its own positive aspects, and therefore the main efforts should be aimed not at correcting it, but at the reasonable use of it in specific activities. advantages. Man has long made attempts to identify and understand the typical features of the mental make-up of various people, trying to reduce all their diversity to a small number of generalized portraits. Since ancient times, such generalized portraits have been called types of temperaments. Typologies of this kind were practically useful, since with their help it was possible to predict the behavior of people with a certain temperament in specific life situations.

Typologies of temperament

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (VXVIII century BC) is considered the creator of the doctrine of temperaments. He argued that people differ in the ratio of the 4 main “body juices” - blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile - that make up its composition. Based on his teachings, the most famous physician of antiquity after Hippocrates, Claudius Galen (II century BC), developed the first typology of temperaments, which he outlined in the famous treatise “De temperamentum” (Latin “proportionality”, “correct measure”) . According to his teaching the type of temperament depends on the predominance of one of the juices in the body. They identified temperaments that are still widely known today: sanguine(from Latin sanguis - blood), phlegmatic(from Greek phlegma - phlegm), choleric(from Greek chole - bile), melancholic(from the Greek melas chole - black bile). This fantastic concept has had a huge influence on scientists for many centuries.

A variety of typologies of temperaments emerged. Of greatest interest are those in which the properties of temperament, understood as hereditary or innate, were associated with individual differences in physique characteristics. These typologies are called constitutional typologies. Among them are the typologies of E. Kretschmer, W. Sheldon and others.

In psychological science, most constitutional concepts have become the object of sharp criticism. The main disadvantage of such theories is that they underestimate, and sometimes simply openly ignore, the role of the environment and social conditions in the formation of the psychological properties of an individual.

In fact, the dependence of the course of mental processes and human behavior on the functioning of the nervous system, which plays a dominant and controlling role in the body, has long been known. The theory of the connection between some general properties of nervous processes and types of temperament was proposed by I. P. Pavlov and was developed in the works of his followers.

I. P. Pavlov understood the type of nervous system as innate, relatively weakly susceptible to changes under the influence of environment and upbringing. According to I.P. Pavlov, the properties of the nervous system form the physiological basis of temperament, which is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system. I. P. Pavlov proposed to extend the types of nervous system established in animal studies to humans.

Each person has a very specific type of nervous system, the manifestations of which, i.e. Characteristics of temperament constitute an important aspect of individual psychological differences. Specific manifestations of the type of temperament are diverse. They are not only noticeable in the external manner of behavior, but seem to permeate all aspects of the psyche, significantly manifesting themselves in cognitive activity, the sphere of feelings, motives and actions of a person, as well as in the nature of mental work, characteristics of speech, etc.

Sensitivity is determined by the minimum force of external influences necessary for the occurrence of any psychological reaction.

Reactivity characterized by the degree of involuntary reactions to external or internal influences of equal strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a harsh tone - even sound).

Activity indicates how intensely (energetically) a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles in achieving goals (perseverance, focus, concentration).

Relationship between reactivity and activity determines on what a person’s activity depends to a greater extent: on random external or internal circumstances (moods, random events) or on goals, intentions, beliefs.

Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert and skeletal his behavior is.

Rate of reactions characterizes the speed of various mental reactions and processes, the pace of speech, the dynamics of gestures, and the speed of the mind.

Extroversion, introversion determines on what a person’s reactions and activities primarily depend - on external impressions arising at the moment (extrovert), or on images, ideas and thoughts associated with the past and future (introvert).

Emotional excitability characterized by how weak an impact is necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and with what speed it occurs.

Taking into account all the listed properties, J. Strelyau gives the following psychological characteristics of the main classical types of temperament:

Sanguine

A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced. He responds vividly, excitedly to everything that attracts his attention, has lively facial expressions and expressive movements. He laughs loudly for a minor reason, but an insignificant fact can make him very angry. From his face it is easy to guess his mood, attitude towards an object or person. He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli. Having increased activity, and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes on new work and can work for a long time without getting tired. He is able to concentrate quickly, is disciplined, and, if desired, can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions. He is characterized by quick movements, mental flexibility, resourcefulness, a fast pace of speech, and quick integration into new work. High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests, and aspirations. A sanguine person easily gets along with new people and quickly gets used to new requirements and surroundings. Without effort, he not only switches from one job to another, but also responds to a greater extent to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, an extrovert.

Choleric

Like a sanguine person, he is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity. But in a choleric person, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so he is unbridled, unrestrained, impatient, and quick-tempered. He is less plastic and more inert than a sanguine person. Hence - greater stability of aspirations and interests, greater perseverance, difficulties in switching attention are possible, he is more of an extrovert.

Phlegmatic person

The phlegmatic person has high activity, which significantly prevails over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. It is difficult to make him laugh and sadden - when people laugh loudly around him, he can remain calm. In big troubles he remains calm. Usually he has poor facial expressions, his movements are not expressive and are slow, as is his speech. He is not resourceful, has difficulty switching attention and adapting to a new environment, and slowly rebuilds skills and habits. At the same time, he is energetic and efficient. Characterized by patience, endurance, self-control. As a rule, he has difficulty meeting new people, responds poorly to external impressions, and is an introvert.

Melancholic

A person with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that an insignificant reason can cause him to cry, he is overly touchy, painfully sensitive. His facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, his voice is quiet, his movements are poor. Usually he is unsure of himself, timid, the slightest difficulty makes him give up. A melancholic person is unenergetic and unstable, gets tired easily and has little capacity for work. It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention, and a slow pace of all mental processes. Most melancholic people are introverts.

Temperament and activity

A person’s work productivity is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. Thus, the special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change in objects of communication or occupation. A false impression may be created that inert people do not have advantages in any type of activity, but this is not true: it is they who carry out slow and smooth movements especially easily. For psychological and pedagogical influence, it is necessary to take into account the possible type of human temperament. Advice from R. M. Granovskaya: it is useful to monitor the activities of a choleric person as often as possible; when working with him, harshness and lack of restraint are unacceptable, as they can cause a negative response. At the same time, any of his actions must be strictly and fairly assessed. At the same time, negative assessments are necessary only in a very vigorous form and as often as required to improve the results of his work or study. A sanguine person should be constantly given new, if possible interesting, tasks that require concentration and tension from him.

Phlegmatic need to be involved in active activities and interested. It requires systematic attention. It cannot be quickly switched from one task to another. In relation to a melancholic person, not only harshness and rudeness are unacceptable, but also simply a raised tone and irony. It is better to talk to him alone about the action committed by a melancholic person. He requires special attention; he should be praised in time for his demonstrated success, determination and will. Negative evaluation should be used as carefully as possible, mitigating its negative impact in every possible way. Melancholic- the most sensitive and vulnerable type. You have to be extremely soft and friendly with him.

It can be considered already firmly established that a person’s type of temperament is innate; what specific properties of his innate organization it depends on has not yet been fully clarified. Innate characteristics of temperament are manifested in a person in such mental processes that depend on upbringing, social environment and the ability to control one’s reactions. Therefore, a specific reaction to a situation can be determined both by the influence of characteristic differences in the nervous system and as a result of training and professional experience. However, the limits of possible development are determined by the innate properties of the nervous system. Professional selection helps to identify applicants with the most suitable for a given specialty.

Four types of temperament

Temperament (lat. Temperamentum- proper correlation of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic rather than substantive aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis of character development; in general, from a physiological point of view temperament is a type of higher nervous activity of a person.

Temperament is an individually unique property of the psyche that reflects the dynamics of a person’s mental activity and manifests itself regardless of its goals, motives and content. Temperament changes little throughout life, and, in fact, it is not even the temperament that changes, but the psyche, and the temperament is always stable.

Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic) are shown in Fig. 7.

The magic of numbers in the Mediterranean civilization led to the doctrine of four temperaments, while in the East a five-component “world system” developed. The word “temperament” and the Greek word “krasis” (Greek hraots; “merging, mixing”), which is equal in meaning, were introduced by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. By temperament he understood both the anatomical, physiological, and individual psychological characteristics of a person. Hippocrates, and then Galen, explained temperament, as behavioral characteristics, by the predominance in the body of one of the “vital juices” (four elements):

• the predominance of yellow bile (“bile, poison”) makes a person impulsive, “hot” - choleric;
• the predominance of lymph (“phlegm”) makes a person calm and slow - phlegmatic;
• the predominance of blood (“blood”) makes a person active and cheerful - sanguine;
• the predominance of black bile (“black bile”) makes a person sad and fearful - melancholic.

Rice. 7. Four temperaments

This system still has a profound influence on literature, art and science.

A truly turning point in the history of the natural scientific study of temperaments was the teaching of I.P. Pavlova about the types of the nervous system (types of higher nervous activity) common to humans and higher mammals. I.P. Pavlov proved that the physiological basis of temperament is the type of higher nervous activity, determined by the relationship between the basic properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition occurring in the nervous system. The type of nervous system is determined by the genotype, i.e. hereditary type. I.P. Pavlov identified four clearly defined types of the nervous system, i.e. certain complexes of basic properties of nervous processes.

The weak type is characterized by weakness of both excitatory and inhibitory processes - melancholic.

The strong unbalanced type is characterized by a strong irritability process and a relatively strong inhibition process - choleric, “uncontrollable” type.

A strong, balanced, mobile type is a sanguine person, a “living” type.

Strong, balanced, but with inert nervous processes - phlegmatic, “calm” type.

Strength is the ability of nerve cells to maintain normal performance under significant stress in the processes of excitation and inhibition, the ability of the central nervous system to perform certain work without the need to restore its resources. A strong nervous system is able to withstand a heavy load for a long time and, conversely, a weak nervous system cannot withstand a large and long-term load. It is believed that people with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and more resistant to stress. The strength of the nervous system in terms of excitation is manifested in the fact that it is relatively easy for a person to work in unfavorable conditions, a short rest is enough for him to recuperate after tiring work, he is able to work intensively, does not get lost in an unusual environment, and is persistent. The power of the nervous system to inhibit is manifested in a person’s ability to restrain his activity, for example, not to talk, to show calmness, self-control, to be restrained and patient.

The balance of nervous processes reflects the ratio, balance of excitation and inhibition. In this case, balance means the same expression of nervous processes.

The mobility of the nervous system is expressed in the ability to quickly move from one process to another, from one activity to another. Persons with a more mobile nervous system are characterized by flexible behavior and adapt more quickly to new conditions.

Describing the characteristics of different temperaments can help to understand the traits of a person’s temperament if they are clearly expressed, but people with clearly expressed traits of a certain temperament are not very common; most often people have mixed temperament in various combinations. Although, of course, the predominance of traits of a particular type of temperament makes it possible to classify a person’s temperament as one or another type.

Temperament and human abilities

A person with any type of temperament can be capable or incapable - the type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - by another. The following depend on a person’s temperament:

• the speed of occurrence of mental processes (for example, speed of perception, speed of thinking, duration of concentration, etc.);
• plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, ease of their change and switching;
• pace and rhythm of activity;
• intensity of mental processes (for example, strength of emotions, activity of will):
• the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

From the point of view of psychologists, four temperaments - just one of the possible systems for assessing psychological characteristics(there are others, for example, “introversion - extraversion”). Descriptions of temperaments vary quite widely among different psychologists and appear to include a fairly large number of factors.

Attempts have been made to provide a scientific and experimental basis for the theory of temperaments (I.P. Pavlov, G.Yu. Eysenck, B.M. Teplov, etc.), however, the results obtained by these researchers are only partially compatible with each other. Of interest is the study by T.A. Blyumina (1996), in which she attempted to compare the theory of temperaments with all psychological typologies known at that time (more than 100), including from the point of view of methods for determining these types.

In general, the classification by temperament does not satisfy modern requirements for factor analysis of personality and at the moment is more interesting from a historical point of view.

Modern science sees in the doctrine of temperaments an echo of the ancient classification of four types of mental response in combination with intuitively noticed types of physiological and biochemical reactions of the individual.

Currently, the concept of four temperaments is supported by the concepts of “inhibition” and “excitation” of the nervous system. The ratio of “high” and “low” levels for each of these two independent parameters gives a certain individual characteristic of a person, and, as a result. - a formal definition of each of the four temperaments. On emoticons (see Fig. 7) you can interpret a smile; as the ease of inhibition processes, and frowning eyebrows - as a manifestation of the ease of excitation.

The work of scientists on the human genome creates conditions for revealing the functions of human genes that determine temperament through hormones (serotonin, melatonin, dopamine) and other biochemical mediators. Biochemistry and genetics make it possible to establish and formalize the psychological phenotypes of people, noticed even by doctors of antiquity.

The original concept of temperament is presented in the books by Y. Feldman “The Theory of Levels and the Model of Man” (2005) and “The Philosopher on the Beach” (2009). They consider the situation of “a person in a stream of similar tasks.” It turns out that a person is involved in the solution gradually, the number of errors and the time to solve one problem gradually decreases. Then they say that “performance is increasing” or “heating is increasing.” Then a maximum occurs (plateau), then the warming up drops to zero (refusal of the decision, rest). It is believed that for each person such a curve is repeated periodically; this is his individual characteristic. If randomly selected people are placed in the same task flow, their warm-up curves will fall into four groups. These four types of warm-up curves correspond exactly to the four temperaments:

• rapid rise - high and short plateau - rapid decline (choleric);
• moderately fast rise - moderately high and short plateau - moderately fast decline (sanguine);
• slow rise - low and long plateau - slow decline (phlegmatic);
• a very slow rise - a high surge in the middle and a return to a low point - and then a slow decline to zero (melancholic).

So, temperament is the most general formal-dynamic characteristic of individual human behavior.

The concept of temperament

Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a given person associated with emotional excitability, that is, the speed of the emergence of feelings, on the one hand, and their strength, on the other (Teplov B. M., 1985).

It follows from this that temperament has two components - activity And emotionality.

People with pronounced traits of a certain temperament are quite rare; people with mixed temperament in various combinations, most often of two adjacent types, are much more common. But still, one of the pair stands out more, which makes it possible to attribute a person’s temperament to one type or another. One of the most common classifications of temperament types in Russian literature: If we take, for example, the largest Russian writers, then in A. S. Pushkin we can note the bright features of choleric temperament, in A. I. Herzen - sanguine, in N. V. Gogol and V.A. Zhukovsky - melancholic, in I.A. Krylov and I.A. Goncharov - phlegmatic. Two great Russian commanders - A.V. Suvorov and M.I. Kutuzov - form a sharp contrast from the point of view of temperament. Suvorov was a typical choleric person, while Kutuzov exhibited traits characteristic of a phlegmatic temperament, for example, slowness of movements, calmness, composure. (Maklakov)

Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obvious existence of individual differences, which are determined by the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and development of the body, as well as by the characteristics of social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. Biologically determined personality structures include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional sensitivity, pace and energy of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Since antiquity, philosophers have tried to explore the problem of temperament; to this day, this problem belongs to the category of controversial and not fully resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing diversity of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which personality is formed as a social being, and personality traits determined by temperament are the most stable and long-lasting.

Temperament types

There are four main types of temperament: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic. Let's look at each of them for a deeper understanding.

Choleric. This type includes people who are fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, and quickly exhausted. They do not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes them from a sanguine person. The choleric person is distinguished by his enormous capacity for work, however, when he gets carried away, he spends his energy wastefully and quickly becomes exhausted. Like a sanguine person, he is characterized by low sensitivity, high reactivity and activity. But in choleric people, reactivity clearly prevails over activity, so these people are unbridled, unrestrained, impatient, and quick-tempered. He is less plastic and more inert than a sanguine person. Hence, greater stability of aspirations and interests, greater persistence; difficulties in switching attention are possible; such people are very often extroverts.

Phlegmatic person. People of this type are usually unhurried, unperturbed, have stable aspirations and moods, and outwardly they show their emotions very weakly. They show perseverance and perseverance in their work, while remaining calm and balanced people. They are productive at work and compensate for their slowness with distinctive diligence. Any phlegmatic person has high activity, which significantly prevails over low reactivity, low sensitivity and emotionality. It is difficult to make him laugh and sadden - when everyone in the company is laughing loudly, he can remain calm. Even in big troubles he remains calm. Usually he has inexpressive facial expressions, his movements are inexpressive and slow, as is his speech. Phlegmatic people are most often not resourceful people; they have difficulty switching attention to anything and are slow to adapt to a new environment, rebuilding skills and habits. At the same time, they are energetic and efficient. They are distinguished by good self-control, patience, and endurance. As a rule, they find it difficult to get along with new people, they respond poorly to external impressions, and are introverts.

Sanguine. A lively, ardent, active person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested. If the work is uninteresting, he treats it indifferently and becomes bored. A person with increased reactivity, but at the same time his activity and reactivity are balanced. He responds vividly, excitedly to everything that attracts his attention, has lively facial expressions and expressive movements. He laughs loudly for a minor reason, but an insignificant fact can make him very angry. From his face it is easy to guess his mood, attitude towards an object or person. He has a high sensitivity threshold, so he does not notice very weak sounds and light stimuli. Possessing increased activity, and being very energetic and efficient, he actively takes on new work and can work for a long time without getting tired. A sanguine person is able to quickly concentrate, he is disciplined, and, if desired, he can restrain the manifestation of his feelings and involuntary reactions. He is characterized by quick movements, mental flexibility, resourcefulness, a fast pace of speech, and quick integration into new work. High plasticity is manifested in the variability of feelings, moods, interests, and aspirations. A sanguine person easily gets along with new people and quickly gets used to new requirements and surroundings. Effortlessly switches from one job to another, more often responds to external impressions than to subjective images and ideas about the past and future, a sanguine person is an extrovert.

Melancholic. This type includes people who are prone to constantly experiencing various events; they react sharply to external factors. They often cannot restrain their experiences by force of will; they are highly impressionable and emotionally vulnerable. These are people with high sensitivity and low reactivity. Increased sensitivity with great inertia leads to the fact that an insignificant reason can cause them a lot of tears, they are overly touchy, painfully sensitive. Their facial expressions and movements are inexpressive, their voice is quiet, their movements are poor. Usually they are unsure of themselves, timid, the slightest difficulty makes them give up and leave the job unfinished. A melancholic person is not energetic and unstable, he gets tired easily and has a low capacity for work. It is characterized by easily distracted and unstable attention and a slow pace of all mental processes. Most melancholic people are introverts.

There is a wide variety of diagnostics to determine a person’s temperament. For example, Eysenck’s method “Determining the type of temperament”

Properties of temperament

Each temperament can have both positive and negative properties.

On the good side, components such as good upbringing, control and self-control can enable any type of temperament to manifest itself. For example, a phlegmatic person can show himself as a self-possessed and responsible person, not prone to making hasty decisions, while a melancholic person can show himself as an impressionable person, with deep experiences and emotions. A sanguine person may well turn out to be an energetic, flexible person who can quickly cope with any problem, and a choleric person may be a passionate enthusiast.

However, each type also has its own negative properties: a melancholic person has isolation and shyness, a phlegmatic person has indifference to people, dryness, a sanguine person has superficiality, scatteredness, inconstancy, and a choleric person has hasty decisions.

A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable. The type of temperament does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, and others, accordingly, of another.

The properties of temperament include those distinctive individual characteristics of a person that:

· determine the dynamic aspects of all its activities;

· characterize the peculiarities of the course of mental processes;

· have a more or less stable character;

· persist for a long time, appearing soon after birth (after the central unequal system acquires specifically human forms).

Many scientists believe that the properties of temperament are determined mainly by the properties of the human nervous system. The properties of the nervous system and their combination determine the characteristics of the course of mental processes, which in turn determine the psychological characteristics of temperament.

In relation to cognitive processes, objective activity and human communication, such properties of temperament are usually considered as:

· activity;

· rate of reactions;

· productivity;

· excitability;

· braking;

· switchability.

The activity of cognitive processes is characterized by the extent to which a person is able to concentrate, concentrate his attention, imagination, memory and thinking on a specific object or its aspect, educational or work activity.

The pace is manifested in the speed at which the mental processes corresponding to a particular activity work. For example, one person remembers, recalls, considers, imagines, thinks about solving a problem faster than another.

The productivity of cognitive processes can be assessed by their results obtained over a certain period of time. Productivity is higher where in the same time you can see, hear, remember, remember, imagine, decide, perceive more. Productivity should not be confused with performance. Efficiency characterizes the ability to maintain a given pace of work for a long time.

Excitability/inhibition and switchability characterize the speed of the onset/cessation or switching of a particular cognitive process from one object to another, the transition from one action to another. For example, some people take longer to engage in mental work or switch from thinking about one topic to another, and such people remember or recall information faster than others.

The influence of temperament on a person

The following depend on a person’s temperament: the speed of occurrence of mental processes (for example, speed of perception, speed of thinking, duration of concentration, etc.); plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, ease of their change and switching; pace and rhythm of activity; the intensity of mental processes (for example, the strength of emotions, the activity of the will); the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion). Now let's look at each of these aspects in more detail.

The dynamic characteristics of a person’s character—the style of his behavior—depend on temperament. Temperament as the soil on which the process of formation of individual character traits and the development of individual human abilities occurs. People achieve the same success in different ways, replacing their “weaknesses” with a system of mental compensation.

Under the influence of life conditions, a choleric person may develop inertia, slowness, and lack of initiative, while a melancholic person, on the contrary, may develop energy and determination. A person’s life experience and upbringing mask the manifestations of his temperament. But under unusual, super-strong influences, in dangerous situations, previously formed inhibitory reactions can be disinhibited. Choleric and melancholic people are more prone to a neuropsychic breakdown. Along with this, the scientific approach to understanding individual behavior is incompatible with strictly tying people’s actions to their natural characteristics. Depending on the living conditions and activities of a person, certain properties of his temperament can be strengthened or weakened.

Temperament, despite its natural conditioning, can be classified as a personality trait, since it combines the natural and socially acquired qualities of a person. Foreign psychologists divide temperamental characteristics mainly into two groups - extraversion and introversion. These concepts, introduced by the Swiss psychologist C. G. Jung, mean that individuals are predominantly focused on the external (extrovert) or internal (introvert) world. Extroverts are distinguished by their predominant focus on the outside world, increased social adaptation, they are more conformist and suggestive (subject to suggestion). Introverts, on the other hand, attach the greatest importance to the phenomena of the inner world; they are uncommunicative, prone to increased introspection, have difficulty entering a new social environment, are nonconforming and suggestive.

Among the qualities of temperament, rigidity and plasticity also stand out. Rigidity - inertia, conservatism, difficulty switching mental activity. There are several types of rigidity: sensory - prolongation of sensation after the cessation of the stimulus; motor - difficulty in restructuring habitual movements; emotional - continuation of an emotional state after the cessation of emotional influence; memory - overservation, obsession with memory images; thinking - inertia of judgments, attitudes, methods of solving problems. The opposite quality to rigidity is plasticity, flexibility, mobility, adequacy.

The characteristics of temperament also include such mental phenomena as anxiety - tension, increased emotional excitability in situations interpreted by the individual as threatening. Individuals with a high level of anxiety are prone to behavior that is inappropriate to the degree of threat. An increased level of anxiety causes a desire to escape from the perception of threatening events, involuntarily narrowing the field of perception in a stressful situation.

So, a person’s temperament determines the dynamics of his behavior, the uniqueness of the course of his mental processes. Temperament determines a person’s way of seeing, experiencing events and relaying them verbally. When analyzing human behavior, one cannot help but take into account the “biological background” of human behavior, which affects the degree of intensity of individual personality traits. A person’s temperamental characteristics act as psychophysiological capabilities of his behavior. For example, the mobility of nervous processes determines the dynamic qualities of intelligence, the flexibility of associative processes; excitability - the ease of occurrence and intensity of sensations, stability of attention, the power of imprinting memory images. However, temperament is not a value criterion of an individual; it does not determine the needs, interests, and views of an individual. In the same type of activity, people with different temperaments can achieve outstanding success due to their compensatory capabilities. It is not temperament, but the orientation of the individual, the predominance of higher motives over lower ones, self-control and self-control, suppression of lower-level impulses to achieve socially significant goals that determine the quality of human behavior.

People with different types of temperament, accordingly, need different attitudes. Yes, punishment, a bad grade, a reprimand can have a positive effect on choleric people who have a strong nervous system. In this case, negative reinforcement can encourage them to correct themselves.

However, this can have the opposite effect on melancholic people: they become depressed, their performance decreases, and depression may occur. The type of response to negative reinforcement indicated above is the most probable, but not necessary. Whether a person acts one way or another, the final result depends on her and her character.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

GOUVPO "Udmurt State University"

Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Social Technologies

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "General Psychology"

on the topic of: The influence of temperament on human activity and behavior

Completed: art. gr. 41-23

Akimova S. V.

Checked by: Ph.D., Associate Professor of the Department

general psychology

Schreiber T.V.

Izhevsk 2013

Introduction

Modern representation of temperament in psychology

1Domestic concepts of temperament

1.2 Foreign concepts of temperament

2. Temperament and its role in personality development

The influence of temperament and formal-dynamic properties on human activity and behavior

1Individual style of activity

3.2 Differences in the characteristics and activities of persons with different temperamental properties

3.3 The influence of temperamental properties on the specifics of interpersonal relationships and communication between people

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

“He is happy who lives in conditions

appropriate to his temperament,

but he is more perfect who knows how

adjust your temperament

to any conditions."

D. Hume

Interest in the problem of temperament appeared more than two and a half thousand years ago and is still relevant today. It was caused by the indisputability of the existence of individual differences, which were predetermined by the peculiarities of the biological and physiological structure and formation of the organism, as well as the specifics of social development, the uniqueness of social contacts and connections.

In his works, D. Keirsey wrote that “temperament is a property that gives a unique originality to all manifestations of personality, allowing one to highlight individuality and emphasize the Self, that is, what distinguishes each person from others. Temperament is a kind of universal regulator that adjusts and adapts the properties of the perceiving organism according to the properties of incoming information, changing and giving a personal color to the whole variety of external influences.”

A person’s temperament and character determine both his characteristic reactions to life circumstances and the reactions of others to his behavior. The formation of a person's character largely depends on temperament. Knowledge of the type of temperament and the ability to determine the type and properties of temperament in a particular person or group of people helps to find an approach to the person and better build relationships with him and in the team.

In my work, I would like to study more deeply modern theories of temperament, its influence on behavior, activity, and personality development; what are the characteristics of the activities of persons with different temperamental properties.

Despite the fact that numerous and continuous attempts have been made to study the problem of temperament, this task is still classified as ambiguous and not completely resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing diversity of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological basis on which the personality as a social being is built, and the personality traits determined by temperament are predominantly constant and stable.

. Modern representation of temperament in psychology

1.1 Domestic concepts of temperament

temperament character psychology behavior

Already more than two and a half thousand years ago, doctors of antiquity formulated hypotheses designed to explain individual characteristics of temperament by the ratio of the main liquid media of the human body. Since then, especially over the past 100 years, many diverse concepts have been put forward, sharply different in scientific level, aimed at identifying those deep natural root causes that, interacting in a complex way with the influence of the surrounding world, ultimately create a unique psychological appearance human individuality. In our Soviet psychophysiology, such a system of concepts uses concepts that were initially developed in Pavlov’s psychophysiological school and developed some time later in relation to humans in a number of psychological groups - primarily in the laboratories of V. S. Merlin, B. M. Teplov and others.

Let us consider these psychological concepts that have the same source, but different development.

V.S. Merlin considered temperament to be universal, that is, a universal regulator of the dynamics of the human psyche as a whole. Extensive experimental material has been accumulated, revealing the role of individual properties of temperament, their combinations and functional invariants in various acts of mental activity of people.

V.S. Merlin believed that the type of temperament depends on the general type of the nervous system. But he considered such a characteristic insufficient and put forward a number of signs characterizing temperament:

due to its properties of the nervous system;

regulation of the dynamics of mental activity in general;

characteristics of the dynamics of individual mental processes;

stability of character over a long period of time.

He believed that a type of temperament should be understood not as a simple combination of typological features, but as a combination accompanied by natural connections between them. In his opinion, it is most likely that it is not the type that depends on the combination of typological features, but, on the contrary, the properties and features of their manifestation depend on the type.

In the school of B. S. Merlin, based on the formal-dynamic properties of mental activity and the properties of the nervous system, the following main parameters of the properties of temperament are identified:

.Emotional excitability- responsible for the ease and speed of emotions.

. Excitability of attention- is associated with the speed of occurrence of an indicative reaction to a new stimulus. This property correlates with the first, since both are based on a person's high sensitivity to changes in the environment.

. The Power of Emotions- characterizes the intensity of a person’s emotional reactions.

. Anxiety- emotional excitability in a threatening situation, which is accompanied by anxious anticipation.

. Reactivity(impulsivity) - characterized by rapid, insufficiently thought-out reactions to external stimuli.

. Activity of volitional purposeful activity- manifests itself in perseverance and perseverance in achieving the set goals of the activity.

. Plastic(as opposed to rigidity) - the ability to quickly adapt to changing demands of activity. Rigidityrefers to following old patterns of behavior even in cases where they turn out to be ineffective.

. Resistance(performance) - the ability to resist all external and internal interference in the process of performing an activity. The opposite is fatigue.

. Introversion(subjectivization) - the predominant mediation of activity by the features of the inner world of the individual, the focus of processes on oneself. The opposite is extroversion(objectification), in which the main thing for the personality is the objects of the external world (objects and other people).

However, one of the criticisms of this list is that not all of the listed characteristics can be attributed to temperament unambiguously; for example, the excitability of attention rather characterizes cognitive processes, and volitional activity and subjectivation can be classified as character properties.

B. M. Teplov connects temperament with the typological properties of the nervous system. Strength and mobility are, in his opinion, properties of the nervous system, and not properties of the individual. This means that with a strong (or weak), mobile (or inert) nervous system, different psychological personality traits can arise during development under different conditions of life and upbringing. Temperament, from this point of view, cannot be considered as a special, third aspect of psychological characteristics. Temperament can only be considered as a special problem within the problem of character.

According to B. M. Teplov, the most correct definitions of temperament are those that do not give its psychological characteristics, but only indicate that it is determined by the type of higher nervous activity. The concept of temperament should include those psychological manifestations related to character, and not to abilities, that are caused by properties of the type of higher nervous activity. It can probably be said that the natural basis of character is most directly expressed in temperament. Temperament, on the one hand, as a psychological manifestation of the properties of the nervous system, is directly related to the natural basis of character. On the other hand, the typological properties of the nervous system are no less closely related to the natural basis of abilities, to what is usually called inclinations.

According to the concept of V. M. Rusalov, the basis of temperament is not the properties of one or another separate, private biological subsystem, but the general constitution of the human body, which is considered as the totality of all private constitutions, i.e. a set of physical and physiological properties of an individual, enshrined in his hereditary apparatus.

Temperament, according to V. M. Rusalov, is a special basal psychological formation, a generalization of the dynamic aspects of psychological characteristics due to the commonality of biological components. Consequently, the concept of temperament combines a number of private concepts (for example, activity, emotionality, etc.) and acts as an explanatory principle of the dynamic aspect of human behavior.

He distinguishes in temperament general activity and emotionality, which, as necessary components, are included in more highly organized mental structures, the first - mainly in general abilities (intelligence), the second - in character.

The author believes that temperament is one of the independent, independent basal and stable dynamic formations of the psyche. Temperament and character are not identical, since their formal-dynamic characteristics have different aspects of generalization, as well as different relationships with the content properties of the psyche; temperament is not identical to personality, since the latter constitutes, first of all, the totality of all forms of social connections and relationships of a person.

V.D. Nebylitsyn came to the reasonable conclusion that we should talk not about types, but about the properties of the nervous system, the combination of which characterizes this or that individuality. Of particular importance in this case are the so-called general properties of the nervous system, among which V.D. Nebylitsyn singled out activity and emotionality. He believed that the basis of activity is the individual characteristics of the interaction of the excitatory reticular formation of the brain stem and the anterior (frontal) parts of the neocortex, while emotionality is determined by the individual characteristics of the interaction of the frontal parts of the cortex with the formations of the limbic system of the brain.

He defines temperament as a characteristic of an individual in terms of the dynamic features of his mental activity, that is, tempo, speed, rhythm, intensity, the mental processes and states that make up this activity.

1.2 Foreign concepts of temperament

The modern Polish researcher J. Strelyau suggested not limiting himself to studying the connection between temperament and the structural features of the human body, but considering this quality from the point of view of its role in a person’s adaptation to the conditions of his life and activity. Based on I. P. Pavlov’s position on the role of temperament in human adaptation to the environment and based on D. Hebb’s concept of the optimal level of arousal, he developed a regulatory theory of temperament. Ya. Strelyau considers reactivity (understood as the magnitude of the human body’s response to influences, sensitivity and endurance, or ability to work) and activity (describing the intensity and duration of behavioral acts, the scope and volume of actions taken) at a given amount of stimulation to be the fundamental characteristics of temperament. The theory of Ya. Strelyau can be reduced to the following several provisions:

1. We can talk about relatively stable individual differences in relation to the formal characteristics of behavior - intensity (energetic aspect) and time (temporal aspect).

Temperament characterizes not only humans, but also mammals in general, by qualities of intensity and time.

Temperamental characteristics are the result of biological evolution and therefore must have a genetic basis, which determines, along with environmental influences, individual manifestations of temperament.

However, as an individual grows up and under the influence of special environmental conditions, temperament, according to Ya. Strelyau, can still change within certain limits.

The author defined temperament as a characteristic of an individual in terms of the dynamic features of his mental activity, i.e. tempo, speed, rhythm, intensity, the mental processes and states that make up this activity.

According to the concept of J. Strelyau, the main components of temperament include two additional characteristics - energy level and time parameters. The first is described through activity and reactivity, the second - through mobility, pace and rhythm of reactions.

Taking into account the existing facts, he is inclined to believe that, when classifying types of temperament, one must also take into account the individual tendency to react to a situation predominantly with one of the innate emotions.

American researchers A. Bass and R. Plomin consider temperament as dynamic behavioral characteristics that form a substructure of personality traits. Analyzing the dynamic features of behavior that satisfy generally accepted criteria of temperament (appearance in early childhood, stability, etc.), they came to the conclusion that the main properties of temperament can be considered activity, emotionality and sociability. The authors who developed the most popular concept of temperament in modern American psychology believe that the characteristics of temperament should reflect the stylistic features of behavior, its expressive, rather than meaningful aspects.

The main criterion, in their opinion, is the hereditary conditioning of temperamental properties. In addition, they must be relatively stable, persist throughout life, have adaptive significance, and be found in animals.

In accordance with this, A. Bass and R. Plomin identify 3 characteristics of temperament, the independence and mutual independence of which was confirmed by factorization of questionnaires compiled by the authors, and by factorization of observational data in which various stylistic features of behavior were assessed. The same set of properties characterizes the characteristics of temperament at different ages.

§ Emotionality is expressed in the ease of occurrence of an affective reaction and is assessed by its intensity;

§ Activity is a manifestation of overall energy level;

§ Sociability is mainly associated with the need for affiliation (the desire to be with others).

In turn, G. Eysenck identified two fundamental features of the psyche. They are called extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-emotional stability. Extraversion or introversion is understood as an individual’s predominant orientation towards the external world or the internal world of his feelings and experiences. Neuroticism is emotional stability that characterizes a person’s emotional stability. Most people are not on the ends of the neuroticism-emotional stability continuum, but occupy an intermediate position, gravitating towards one pole or the other.

M.K. Rothbart, S.A. Ahadi, D.E. Evans consider temperament in line with the psychobiological approach. The authors believe that temperament is the result of genetic contributions as well as a product of a person's individual experiences. M. K. Rothbart considers the main task when considering temperament to be the determination of changes in the levels of biological and social development, which can link their contribution in early childhood and be the basis for the expression of temperament in adulthood.

An important aspect of the concept of M. K. Rothbart is the idea that temperament develops during ontogenesis, then different emotions and components of emotions, as well as components of the motor system, activation system and attention system, appear at different age periods.

Currently, temperament is interpreted by most authors as

a set of biologically determined, relatively unchanged properties throughout life that determine the dynamic, intensity and temporary aspects of behavior and mental activity. Evidence is gradually accumulating that individual variations in temperament can potentially be explained through genetically determined differences in the functioning of a number of brain neurotransmitter systems that are involved in the attention system.

2 . Temperament and its role in personality development

Stable individual characteristics of behavior and emotional response, which are biological in nature and largely genetically determined, are usually referred to as temperament. In Russian psychology, individuality has traditionally been considered at the levels of the organism, behavior (temperament) and personality in the context of social relations. Personality does not appear suddenly and spasmodically, its development is a gradual process.

Let's consider the role of temperament in the development and formation of character.

Of primary importance, according to V.D. Nebylitsyn, for the formation of temperamental characteristics is the formation of the moral and volitional sides of character. Mastering your behavior will mean the formation of positive qualities of temperament.

It should be borne in mind that temperament must be strictly distinguished from character. Temperament in no way characterizes the content side of a person (worldview, views, beliefs, interests, etc.), does not determine the value of a person or the limit of achievements possible for a given person. It relates only to the dynamic side of activity.

Involved in the development of character, the properties of temperament undergo changes depending on living conditions and activities.

Temperament directly manifests itself in the fact that for one person it is easier, for another it is more difficult, to develop the necessary behavioral reactions, that for one person certain methods of developing certain mental qualities are needed, for another - others. It is indisputable that with any temperament it is possible to develop all socially valuable personality traits. However, specific methods for developing these properties depend significantly on temperament. Therefore, temperament is an important condition that must be taken into account when taking an individual approach to education and training, to the formation of character, to the comprehensive development of mental and physical abilities.

You can also trace the influence of temperament on the emotionality and typological properties of the nervous system.

E. A. Golubeva considers emotionality primarily as a stable characteristic from the point of view of the dominant sign of emotions - positive or negative.

K. E. Izard notes a significant correlation of individual differences in emotional expression with measures of temperament in children and with personality traits in adults. Children predisposed to inhibition have a low threshold of timidity, shyness, and fear in both the neuronal and cognitive systems of emotions, especially in new social conditions. Associated with this feature is a temperamental trait such as greater sensitivity to threat.

Adults, like children, have persistent positive or negative emotionality.

V.D. Nebylitsyn and his associates compared many EEG indicators recorded in the anterior and posterior parts of the brain with various characteristics of emotionality as a trait of temperament.

Temperament influences abilities.

Both temperament and abilities are characterized by high stability. Of course, inclinations, the education system, and sensitive age play a big role in the formation of abilities.

Abilities are manifested in the dynamics of the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities in the conditions of specific activities. B. M. Teplov identified their main features:

) individual psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another;

) not any individual characteristics, but only those that are related to the success of performing any specific activity;

) ability is not reducible to psychological formations, i.e. to knowledge, abilities, skills.

Ya. Strelyau studied the relationship between the levels of intellectual abilities and the properties of temperament. The study gave a negative result. No correlations were found between levels of intellectual abilities and temperament properties. This means that among individuals with a high level of intellectual abilities one can find both sanguine and phlegmatic people, both choleric and melancholic people, or various combinations of these types of temperament.

Abilities are revealed in the process of mastering an activity. They are closely related to the general orientation of the individual and a person’s inclinations towards a particular activity.

It is possible to trace the role of temperament in the development of human activity.

Since each activity places certain demands on the human psyche and its dynamic characteristics, there are no temperaments ideally suited for all types of activity.

The role of temperament in work and study is that the influence on the activity of various mental states caused by an unpleasant environment, emotional factors, and pedagogical influences depends on it. The influence of various factors that determine the level of neuropsychic stress depends on temperament.

L. D. Stolyarenko identifies four ways to adapt temperament to the requirements of activity:

1.The first way is professional selection, one of the tasks of which is to prevent persons who do not have the necessary temperamental properties from participating in this activity.

2.The second way to adapt temperament to activity is to individualize the requirements, conditions and methods of work placed on a person (individual approach).

.The third way is to overcome the negative influence of temperament through the formation of a positive attitude towards activity and corresponding motives.

.The fourth, main and most universal way of adapting temperament to the requirements of activity is the formation of its individual style.

Nowadays, temperament is understood as a set of natural qualities that determine the dynamic features of the human psyche: intensity, speed, pace, rhythm of mental processes and states, which are equally manifested in a variety of activities, regardless of its content, goals, motives. Temperament does not reflect the substantive side of a personality (motivational sphere, value orientations, worldview) and does not directly determine its substantive traits. It only sets the form in which all other features appear. However, characteristics of temperament can both counteract and promote the development of certain personality traits, since temperament significantly transforms all external influences (including educational ones) that influence the formation of personality.

3.The influence of temperament and formal-dynamic properties on human activity and behavior

.1 Individual style of activity

In psychology, the first style concept that became the subject of scientific research was the concept of lifestyle, introduced by A. Adler. The meaning that A. Adler put into this concept largely determined the position of other style researchers. As you know, he was the founder of individual psychology, and his consideration of style was carried out through the prism of individuality. This was consistent with the predominant individualistic orientation inherent in Western culture. A. Adler proceeded from the understanding of individuality as a holistic and purposeful formation. What goals a person sets for himself and what methods he chooses to achieve them determines a person’s lifestyle.

Starting with G. Allport, the concept of style is used to explain the single personal source of a person’s functional mental manifestations. The properties of G. Allport's style include politeness, talkativeness, constancy, and determination. He does not deny the existence of connections between style and temperament and, like A. Adler, includes in this concept, along with positive, negative characteristics (for example, erroneous ways of performing activities). G. Allport's views significantly influenced the further development of the concept of style in foreign psychology. Thus, the American psychologist R. Stagner understands style as personally determined generalizing schemes of perceptual acts and forms of response. He characterizes perceptual and reactive styles as operations used by the individual.

The domestic concept of individual style of activity, developed by E. A. Klimov and V. S. Merlin, realizes the understanding of style as a certain psychological system, as its connection with specific individual characteristics of a person. Style is determined psychologically (psychophysiologically), but it is not fatally determined by the individuality of the subject, but is formed as “an integral effect of the interaction of subject and object.” The style may change as operating conditions change. The formation and development of style is associated with the formation and development of the individual characteristics of the subject. Depending on the objective requirements of activity, the same personality traits are expressed in different styles.

The concept of an individual style of activity was proposed, which is defined by E. A. Klimov as “a stable system of methods determined by typological features that develops in a person striving for the best implementation of a given activity.” Individual style characteristics may manifest themselves differently depending on the goals of the activity, changes in its conditions, etc. According to V.S. Merlin, an individual style of activity is “a purposeful system of interrelated actions with the help of which a certain result is achieved.”

The main features of the activity style are versatility and sustainability. The individual style of activity is universal, since individual style characteristics are inherent in the subject of any type of activity. Its stability, in turn, is due to the consistency of:

· individual personality traits in ontogenesis;

· ways and means of activity in which it is formed.

The formation of a style of activity is accompanied by the development of methods of its organization. The most stable of them form complexes that can be considered as individual activity strategies.

According to E. A. Klimov, the generally accepted formal features of individual style can be considered:

a) a stable system of techniques and methods of activity;

b) the conditionality of this system by certain personal qualities;

c) the purpose of this system as a means of effective adaptation to objective requirements.

By individual style, the author understands the entire system of distinctive features of a given person’s activity, determined by the characteristics of his personality; in the narrow sense of the word, an individual style of activity is a stable system of methods determined by typological features that develops in a person striving for the best implementation of a given activity.

In other words, an individual style is an individually unique system of psychological means that a person consciously or spontaneously resorts to in order to best balance his (typologically conditioned) individuality with the objective, external conditions of activity.

3.2 Differences in the characteristics of the activities of persons with different temperamental properties

Considering temperament from the standpoint of the degree of expression of certain qualities, N. A. Nikashina assumes that different people will achieve different results in the same activity. Some, due to their natural characteristics, will be more successful, others less. For example, a deeply introverted person will “miss” some of the opportunities offered to him, but at the same time he will be able to immerse himself deeply in the problem being studied at that moment in time. A more extroverted personality will be able to realize himself in quantitative terms.

Temperament also influences the expression of characteristics - emotional feelings and reactivity. A person’s reaction to a certain situation depends on the mobility of the nervous system, on the speed at which the processes of inhibition and excitation are launched. Under the influence of emotions, a person is able to evaluate his work, get involved in the process, be interested in a positive result, and not just give the body’s responses to external influences.

In addition, temperament can be called a “cross-cutting” characteristic of a person. All mental processes depend on its type. This dependence manifests itself in the activity of memory, thinking, perception, attention, which means that temperament influences the success of an activity, allowing a person to choose the only correct course of action for him.

Differences between individuals with different temperamental properties also manifest themselves at the physiological level. There are features of heart rate regulation in children and adults with different severity of temperamental traits. O. G. Soldatova found that persons with different types of temperament, based on signs of activity and strength of stereotypes, have different patterns of dominance of autonomic nervous regulatory influences. In younger schoolchildren and adolescents with low severity of behavioral manifestations, parasympathetic influences predominate in the regulation of heart rate, which is accompanied by higher functional reserves of the cardiorespiratory and digestive systems in these individuals compared to individuals whose temperament is characterized by high behavioral activity.

Persons with different expressions of temperamental traits that characterize behavioral activity (general activity, intensity, mood, sensitivity) have differences in the level of adaptive capabilities of the body, both in primary school and in adolescence. In individuals with a high index of behavioral manifestations, a low level of nonspecific resistance of the body was revealed. Individuals whose temperament is characterized by low levels of behavioral activity have a higher level of nonspecific resistance of the body.

The author has identified the relationship between temperamental personality traits and individual health. It has been proven that primary schoolchildren and young men whose temperament is characterized by a low index of behavioral manifestations have the highest level of health.

The modern way of life dictates its own rules, and in real life situations more often arise that are more favorable for stable and extroverted types and less often for labile and introverted types. Stable and extroverted people initially have advantages over labile and introverted people. This range of requirements is close to their natural characteristics and their habits, natural manifestations. Labile and introverted people cannot act in such situations in accordance with their natural capabilities, since the characteristics of their temperament and external circumstances come into conflict with each other. Successful work in some situations is completely inaccessible to them, in others they can act successfully only if they have specially developed adaptive techniques.

There are no good or bad temperament types. The special mobility (reactivity) of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires a change in objects of communication, type of occupation, or frequent transition from one rhythm of life to another. People with a weak nervous system - melancholic people - are more motivated to perform simpler actions than others. Therefore, they are less tired and irritated from their repetition. Moreover, since people with a weak nervous system are more sensitive to external influences, that is, they react to them faster, then, as studies by E. P. Ilyin show, the majority of high-class sprinters have precisely this type of nervous system. At the same time, athletes whose activities take place against the background of excessive emotional stress, for example weightlifters, will for the most part have a strong nervous system.

Therefore, it is not only impossible, but also pointless to strive to change temperament. It seems more appropriate to take into account the temperament properties of a particular individual when organizing activities.

3.3 The influence of temperamental properties on the specifics of interpersonal relationships and communication between people

Individual characteristics of a person, determined by temperament, are expressed in emotional excitability, a greater or lesser tendency to external expression of feelings, speed of movements, general mobility, sensitivity, poise.

In a number of domestic studies, sociability is considered in connection with types of temperament. Thus, according to A.G. Kovalev, the sanguine type of temperament determines the speed of making contact, when there is no constraint in communicating with people, regardless of their authority, and ease of adaptation to new living conditions is noted. A melancholic person, on the contrary, is withdrawn, confused and fearful in a new environment, and prone to loneliness.

A.I. Ilyina in her works proves that the sanguine type of temperament is characterized by speed of reaction in communication, ease of making acquaintances, wide circle of friends, activity, but also instability in communication. Phlegmatic people, on the contrary, show slow reactions, passive communication, and have difficulty getting used to people, although they are stable in maintaining contacts.

Among various types of interpersonal relationships, sympathies and antipathies occupy a special position, because in their development, the individual characteristics of people are of great importance.

During the development of interpersonal relationships in a group of girls, O. V. Lomtatidze identified prevailing trends in the manifestation of likes and dislikes depending on the type of temperament. The author established the peculiarities of the development of interpersonal relationships in girls with different types and properties of temperament, namely, in the manifestation of likes and dislikes.

The desire for acceptance in choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic types of temperament is significantly different. Sanguine people have a high desire for acceptance, phlegmatic people have a low desire. The average values ​​of the fear of rejection motive reliably distinguish between sanguine, phlegmatic and choleric types of temperament.

Choleric girls have active interpersonal relationships with girls whose predominant temperament type is: sanguine, choleric or melancholic.

Sanguine girls are distinguished by a large number of connections with choleric people. To a lesser extent, mutual likes and dislikes manifest themselves when communicating with melancholic people.

Interpersonal relationships in melancholic girls manifest themselves with girls of choleric and choleric-sanguine temperament types, and the latter have only antipathies.

There are significant differences between the likes and dislikes of choleric people and other types of temperaments. Cholerics are an active principle in the formation of both positive and negative interpersonal relationships.

Extroverted girls maintain an average level of sympathy. In introverts, mutual expression of sympathy is at a low level.

The most stable sympathies were found in pairs: “sanguine-melancholic”, “sanguine-phlegmatic”, “melancholic-melancholic”, the greatest instability in sympathies is manifested in pairs: “choleric-choleric”, “phlegmatic-melancholic”.

The properties of temperament also play an important role in the process of harmony and compatibility of people in joint activities. N. N. Obozov revealed that the greatest compatibility of people in production is achieved in units and teams, as well as in family and marriage relationships when combining people with opposite temperaments. So, all other things being equal, it is easier for a phlegmatic person to work with a sanguine person, for a sanguine person - with a melancholic person, and for a melancholic person - with a phlegmatic person.

Types of temperament, as noted by R. M. Granovskaya, leave their mark on methods of communication, determining the degree of activity in establishing contacts.

This is how sanguine people quickly establish social contacts. They are not able to indulge in dark thoughts and fears. In communication, they are initiators, easily join companies, and are able to occupy a leading position in them.

Cholerics, characterized by excessive mobility and impulsiveness, also quickly establish interpersonal contacts. However, if communication partners according to their data do not meet the expectations of a choleric person, then he soon loses all interest in them and makes new acquaintances. A choleric person should be constantly loaded with useful work, otherwise he can become a source of interpersonal conflicts in the team.

Phlegmatic people establish social contacts slowly. In a new environment, they most likely withdraw into themselves. Phlegmatic people show little of their feelings, they do not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know them, but they are stable and constant in their attitude towards a person, they like to be in a narrow circle of old acquaintances, in a familiar environment.

Melancholic people are characterized by timidity, caution in contacts, and an increased intuitive perception of the attitude of people around them. Excessive sensitivity causes them a constant need for empathy. It is the feeling of empathy that becomes a kind of incentive for a melancholic person to establish contacts with people.

Temperament expresses a person's attitude to the events occurring around him. Any person must constantly take into account the temperamental characteristics of the people with whom he has to work and communicate. This is necessary for effective interaction with them, reducing the likelihood of conflict situations. Efforts when contacting a person should not be aimed at correcting him, but at the competent use of the virtues and advantages of temperament while simultaneously neutralizing negative manifestations. Depending on the type of temperament, different people exhibit different tendencies in likes and dislikes, in the harmony and compatibility of people, in establishing social contacts.

Thus, studying the literature on the problem of the influence of temperament on interpersonal relationships poses at least two questions to the researcher:

1.On the influence of temperament on affiliation motives;

2.On the role of temperament in the development of likes and dislikes.

The issues are still relevant today, since they have been disclosed to a small extent and require additional study.

Conclusion

Based on the literature studied, we can conclude that this topic has interested people since ancient times, and temperament has been the subject of research by many scientists. There have been a huge number of attempts to formulate various approaches to the classification of temperaments, starting from Hippocrates and Galen, ending with I.P. Pavlov, V.S. Merlin, B.Ya. Strelyau, G. Eysenck. Currently, the most recognized and justified approach is one that takes into account the characteristics of the nervous system and human psyche.

Today, the problem of temperament, in my opinion, has lost interest due to the complexity of the study. The monograph by J. Strelyau, published at the end of the last century, summarizing theoretical and empirical research on temperament in different countries and fields of science over the past 40 years, is one of the few works containing such a quantity of research data.

Until now, scientists have not decided: to consider temperament an innate quality, or the leading role of the environment in the formation of temperament? All this indicates that temperament is a complex process, the study of which for such a long time has not provided clear answers.

Since temperament is determined by the general type of nervous system, the psychological signs of temperament can only be stable and constant individual characteristics that persist over a long period of time. For me, what makes temperament so interesting is that the transformation of at least some of its characteristics and features requires extreme changes in living conditions and emergency situations. Consequently, studying the characteristics of temperament is useful because knowing the type of temperament, you can find an approach to a person and be able to build a beneficial relationship with him.

Currently, the connection between temperament and various individual personality characteristics and style of activity has been studied; the connection between temperament and character, abilities, emotionality, and relationships between people. Depending on their temperamental characteristics, people differ not in the final result of their actions, but in the way they achieve results. Based on identifying the properties of temperament and character traits, a person’s professional suitability for a particular field of activity is determined.

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A child's success in school depends on many factors. And such a natural feature as temperament plays a significant role in this. It is laid down genetically, and it is on its basis that many habits, behavioral characteristics, style of activity, etc. are formed. Today we will talk about how to determine what temperamental characteristics your child has, and how these very characteristics can affect his learning.

About temperament

Temperament is a set of mental characteristics characteristic of a particular person that are associated with emotional excitability. In other words, temperament is a natural feature of each person, which determines his emotional response in a given situation: how quickly the emotion arises, what strength and sign (positive/negative) it has. It is this characteristic that will determine the slowness or energy of a person.

Ancient scientists spoke about temperament. The greatest contribution to the development of the doctrine of this characteristic was made by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. He identified four types of temperament, each of which, in his opinion, was determined by the predominance of a certain fluid in the human body:

• Choleric: the predominance of yellow bile, which makes a person “explosive” and “hot”
• Sanguine: predominance of blood, making a representative of this type of temperament cheerful and very active
• Melancholic: the predominance of black bile, causing the predominance of fearfulness and sadness in character
• Phlegmatic person: predominance of lymph (phlegm, mucus), which makes a person calm and slow

Choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine.

Today, psychophysiologists also distinguish four types of temperament, which have similar names, but, of course, there is no talk about the predominance of a certain fluid in the body.

Temperamental characteristics are most pronounced in young children. But the older a person gets, the more smoothed out his temperament becomes. This is explained by adaptation to the environment and various compensatory mechanisms. However, the predisposition to act in a certain way in most situations remains, and on the basis of this we can conclude which traits of which temperament a person has more of. This predisposition can be both beneficial and detrimental to the learning process. Therefore, it is very important to take into account your child’s temperamental characteristics when organizing his educational activities.

Choleric

People with this type of temperament are very energetic and active, passionate and enthusiastic. They are able to completely devote themselves to what they love, spending all their strength and energy on it. The actions of choleric people can be described as abrupt, impetuous and overly energetic. Such a person is very emotional, capable of experiencing emotions of completely different signs, which are very strong, and prone to sudden, sometimes unmotivated changes in mood. Such people can be too aggressive towards others and “flare up” over any little thing. Cholerics experience failures very emotionally and “hardly”, and react negatively to criticism.

Features of training

Choleric children may have behavior problems at school due to excessive activity and restlessness, violent reactions to failures and criticism. For their training to be as effective as possible it is necessary:

• Captivate the child, arouse interest in the subject
• Do not overload him with monotonous and monotonous activities, but give him various tasks
• Learn to adequately assess your capabilities so that failures do not lead to violent negative reactions
• Talk with the teacher and ask him not to criticize the child unnecessarily, and if absolutely necessary, do it gently and individually (the same applies to criticism from parents)
• Break work into blocks and give time to rest if there is too much to do
• Do not show strong positive/negative emotions when communicating with a schoolchild, since choleric people are easily “infected” by them
• Switch your child's attention to something else if you feel that there is emotional tension that could lead to an "explosion"

Famous choleric people: Suvorov A.V. and Pushkin A.S. And

Sanguine

Sanguine people are very energetic, mobile, and have increased performance. As a rule, they are in high spirits and tend to respond to various life situations with laughter. Their movements are very lively and swift, their speech is fast, and their facial expressions are very agile and varied. For a person with this type of temperament, new experiences are very important, and he will strive to constantly receive them in any available way. Such people are very sociable and easily come into contact with others. In some cases, this temperament leads to superficiality of interests, insufficient concentration on a particular subject, and overly hasty actions. Sanguine people easily experience failures and react to criticism calmly and with humor.

Features of training

Problems with learning in sanguine children can arise due to restlessness, superficiality of interests, insufficient concentration on the subject and a thirst for new experiences. You can avoid this by:

• The child’s interest in the subject: it is best to dilute the material with interesting examples, jokes, etc.
• Variety of tasks and lack of monotony of activities
• Appropriate praise and criticism
• Providing a sanguine child with constant active activity (for example, do physical education during a break between doing homework)
• Breaking a large task into a number of small ones (necessary for more complete concentration on each part and more successful completion)
• Checking homework completed by parents, since sanguine people can often make mistakes due to inattention and haste
• Doing homework together, watching educational TV shows, reading an interesting book, etc.

Famous sanguine people: Napoleon and Lermontov M.Yu. And

Melancholic

People with a melancholic temperament can be described as calm, slow and reserved. They deeply experience the events taking place, but very rarely show it. From their speech and facial expressions it is often impossible to understand what exactly they are experiencing at the moment. The movements of melancholic people are devoid of impetuosity and are characterized by some slowness. As a rule, the emotions of melancholic people are negative. A person with such a temperament is wary of everything new. In some cases, melancholic people may seem withdrawn and aloof, and they may also develop a fear of everything new and unusual (sometimes even a fear of new people). They take failures quite hard, but do not always show it. Criticism, especially unfounded and expressed in a rude manner, can deeply wound a melancholic person and lead to an emotional breakdown.

Features of training

Their slowness and fatigue, the difficulty of switching between different activities, and a negative reaction to failures and criticism can hinder the successful learning of melancholic people. To make the education of such children more successful:

• Building self-confidence and own strengths
• Creating a friendly atmosphere
• A conversation with the teacher and a request not to criticize the child unnecessarily, but if absolutely necessary, do it gently and individually (the same applies to criticism from parents)
• Dividing work into blocks, the ability to take a break and rest if there is too much to do
• Providing the child with sufficient time to think about, complete and check the task

Famous melancholic people: Gogol N.V. and Dostoevsky F.M. and 2

Phlegmatic person

Phlegmatic people are distinguished by enviable calm in any situation, slowness characteristic of both movements and speech, dullness and inexpressiveness of facial expressions. Such people are not prone to experiencing strong emotions, they remain calm almost always, and their mood is even. A person with this type of temperament is committed to constancy in everything, so it is very difficult for him to switch from one type of activity to another and adapt to changed environmental conditions; he will be involved in a new situation for a long time. Sometimes such people may develop poor emotional response, lethargy and detachment, and a tendency to perform stereotypical actions. Phlegmatic people react calmly to failures and criticism, and sometimes it seems that this does not affect them at all, which is not so far from the truth.

Features of training

Phlegmatic children may experience learning difficulties due to difficulties in adapting to new situations, excessive slowness and adherence to stereotypical actions. The following will help them:

• Gradual, rather than rapid, inclusion of them in work - do not require the student to immediately answer a question or complete a task at lightning speed
• Providing the child with sufficient time to adapt to new conditions, as well as to think about, complete and check the task
• Explanation of what is required of him in the process of performing the activity
• Building self-confidence and the ability to communicate and interact with other people
• Frequent praise - you need to find a plus in the child’s activity, draw his attention to it and praise
• Timely preparation for lessons and assignments: review with your child in advance the material that he will study in the next lesson, prepare with him answers to possible questions and assignments
• Interest in activities
• Reducing the influence of various distractions when a student does homework (conversations, TV, music, etc.)

Famous phlegmatic people: Kutuzov M.I. and Krylov I.A. And

Temperament is a natural characteristic of a person that greatly influences his behavior and success. However, there are no bad or good temperaments - each of them has its own pros and cons. In order for a child with any special needs to learn successfully, you just need to pay attention to these same special features and create the most optimal operating conditions for him.