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A member of the White movement, General Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov, is a man of tragic fate. The October Revolution of 1917 deprived him of the country he served, and he resisted this as best he could until the end of his days.
The future general was born in 1882 in the city of Cherepovets into the family of a forester. A representative of a neither noble nor wealthy family, he graduated from the Arkhangelsk classical gymnasium and, in order to make a career without any patronage, decided to devote his life to the army. He goes to St. Petersburg and enters the cadet school, after which, having received the rank of second lieutenant, he begins service in the 85th Vyborg Infantry Regiment.
The Russo-Japanese War begins, while participating in the battles, the young officer proved himself so well that he was awarded a rare honor: with the rank of lieutenant, he was transferred to the Preobrazhensky Life Guards, in which it was very honorable to serve.
When the First World War began, Kutepov was already a staff captain. He takes part in many battles and shows himself to be a brave and decisive officer. He was wounded three times and awarded several orders. Alexander Pavlovich was especially proud of the Order of St. George, 4th degree.
The year 1917 begins - the most tragic year in the life of the thirty-five-year-old officer. Despite his young age, Kutepov is already a colonel and commander of the second battalion of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The February Revolution brought raging passions to St. Petersburg. The streets were in chaos, and rallies were taking place everywhere. Alexander Kutepov was the only commander who tried to restore order on the city streets. He gathered a small detachment of “reserve” guards, who were the last defenders of the monarchy in Russia, and walked with them through the streets of the city. At first he succeeded, but in the last days of February his detachment was blocked, his subordinates could only hide.
The Provisional Government, despite Kutepov's obvious counter-revolutionism, entrusts him with command of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. But the winds of a new revolution were in the air, which took place in October 1917. The officers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment were asked to go over to the side of the rebels. However, Alexander Pavlovich did not want to serve the new government. On December 2, he issues an order to disband the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
Kutepov goes to the Don, where he actively participates in the creation of the Volunteer Army. For about a year and a half he has been fighting the Red Army with varying success. Under his command, the Volunteer Corps achieved its most brilliant victories and experienced its most difficult defeats. For the operations he carried out, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.
After the offensive of the white troops on Moscow failed, a rapid retreat began, and the Volunteer Corps of General Kutepov took the brunt of the rearguard battle. The fate of the White movement was decided and the general with the remnants of his corps moved to Turkey. Wrangel promoted Alexander Kutepov to the next rank - general of infantry, hoping that he could keep the remnants of the army from collapse. But this was no longer possible.
In 1924, he headed the underground terrorist organization Russian All-Military Union, which set as its goal the destruction of the leaders of the Bolshevik movement. The OGPU decides to liquidate Kutepov. At the beginning of 1930, he was grabbed on a Parisian street in broad daylight and forced into a car, sedated with chloroform. Alexander Pavlovich was going to be taken to Russia, but during the inhuman transportation, the general’s heart could not stand it.
General Kutepov was one of those Russian officers who remained faithful to their oath to the end and fought by any means available.

Chapter 10. Kinship in spirit. The fate of the Kutepov family

Boris Kutepov

Brother Boris, who followed Alexander, chose the path of serving the Tsar and the Fatherland. All three brothers participated in the white struggle. Certain character traits united them: not with a cross, but with a sword!

In 1912, we find Boris Kutepov in the 1st Railway Regiment with the rank of second lieutenant. He lived at Semenovsky Parade Ground, officer's wing. And in 1915 the address was already indicated: Obvodny Canal, 115.

The service record in our hands of the second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment B.P. Kutepov was compiled in 1912. The latest information contained in it is dated October 1911. They say that he was “on 11-day leave for domestic reasons with pay since October. 19 to Nov. 1". At that time, his stepfather, Pavel Alexandrovich, and sisters, Raisa and Alexandra, were moving from Arkhangelsk to the Tver province, to the city of Ostashkov, to his new place of service. It is clear that they urgently needed the help of the older Kutepov brothers. That's why Boris took a vacation. Everyone knows the saying “moving equals fire.” Fifty-three-year-old Pavel Alexandrovich was ill. The move to Ostashkov turned out to be the last in his life. As we already wrote, he died in 1912.

In an effort to find information about the further fate of Boris Kutepov, we again turned to the Russian State Military Historical Archive and received the following answer: “... we inform you that in the handwritten lists of seniority of the 1st railway regiment there is a second lieutenant, since 10/01/1913 lieutenant, Kutepov, awarded on December 6, 1914 the Order of St. Stanislav 3rd Art. and 04/22/1916 the Order of St. Anna 3rd Art. No other information about his service was found in the archive.”

Like his older brother, Boris Pavlovich was at the front. The awards indicate that he also proved himself to be a brave and courageous officer.

In the last year of peace before the Great War, changes occurred in his personal life. If in 1913 in the directory “All Petersburg” at the above address we find only Boris Pavlovich, then in 1914 Maria Vasilievna Kutepova, Boris’s wife, is listed at the same address.

During the Civil War, Boris Kutepov fought in the ranks of the White Army. The consequences of a serious injury did not always allow him to be on the front line. In the book “The Exodus of the Russian Army of General Wrangel from Crimea,” published under the editorship of S.V. Volkov, there are memoirs “Fragments of the Past,” which relate to the period of summer and autumn of 1920. In them, Prince Pyotr Petrovich Isheev mentions B.P. Kutepov: “At this time, the Imperial Rifleman, Colonel Kolotinsky, was appointed commandant and head of the Yalta garrison. And I am the chairman of the commission for unloading and coastal navigation of the Yalta port. Strictly speaking, there was no commission, and I don’t know why this position was called so “difficult”. I had only one assistant officer and two clerks, and the office was located in two small rooms at the Mariino Hotel. And all the work consisted of issuing permits (passes) to military ranks for passenger ships... In Feodosia, Colonel Kutepov (the general’s brother) held the same position as me.”

In the appendix to the same book we find some data on the biography of Boris: “Colonel. In the AFSR and the Russian Army in the Drozdov units before the evacuation of Crimea; since 1920 Chairman of the Commission for Unloading and Coastal Navigation of the Port of Feodosia. Gallipolitan. In exile since 1921. In Yugoslavia, in July 1922. In Turkey (in the Selemie camp). In the fall of 1925, as part of the 1st Gallipoli Company in Germany.”

We gleaned something about Boris’s future life from the letters of General Kutepov to Boris Aleksandrovich Shteifon, preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. In a letter dated October 25, 1926, we read: “Boris is still living in Hamburg in very difficult conditions, going through a difficult officer’s school - working.”

However, Boris’s financial situation in Germany soon became critical. He lost his job and in mid-1927 was forced to move to his brother in Paris in the hope that he would help him find a job. General Kutepov wrote about this on August 3, 1927: “... now Boris, who was left in Hamburg completely without work, has moved to us; I’m trying to arrange it somewhere.”

But, despite his brother’s efforts, Boris failed to settle in Paris, and at the end of 1927 he left for the south of France. We read about this in a letter dated January 28, 1928: “Boris came to me for a holiday. He works as a simple worker in a paper mill in the south of France."

Pavel lost his father at the age of five. Everything he knew about his relatives became known to him from the words of his mother, Lydia Davydovna Kutepova. About Uncle Boris, Pavel Aleksandrovich recalled that over the years, Boris’s wound made itself felt - he was tormented by terrible headaches. Alexander Pavlovich turned to the most famous medical luminaries in Paris for help. They helped his brother improve his health.

It is interesting that in the directory “All Leningrad” for 1925 we found the name of Maria Vasilievna Kutepova at the old address: Obvodny Canal, 115. Until 1930 inclusive, the same address of her residence was printed in directories. The fact that her last name is absent in the next issues of the publication will be explained. In the book “Officers of the Russian Guard” we read that Kutepova-Dernova Maria Vasilievna, clerk of the artel, was repressed in 1931 in the “Spring” case, in which the youngest of the Kutepovs, Alexandra, was also involved.

Unfortunately, apart from the fragmentary data given above, we know nothing about Boris Pavlovich Kutepov and his wife.

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 1) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 2) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 3) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 4) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 5) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Service record of second lieutenant of the 1st Railway Regiment Boris Pavlovich Kutepov (sheet 6) (RGVIA. Service record 2210. F. 409. Op. 1. D. 43598. L. 1–4)

Sergey Kutepov

After graduating from university in 1913, Sergei was faced with the question of getting a job. And his older brother helped him with this. Alexander Kutepov’s acquaintance with the Tver governor Nikolai Georgievich Bünting played a significant role in Sergei’s selection for service. Nikolai Georgievich, who shortly before this, in 1911, took an active part in the transfer of their stepfather, Pavel Alexandrovich, from the Arkhangelsk province, now accepted Sergei Kutepov into his service, where he served from 1914 to February 1917.

The office of the Tver governor was located in Tver on the corner of Millionnaya Street and Znamensky Lane. In the Address-calendar of the Tver province for 1914 we find an official of special assignments under the governor, a junior, without a rank, Sergei Pavlovich Kutepov. He is also the head of records management for police matters. The eldest is the collegiate secretary Ivan Romanovich Lertz. And in 1915, Sergei Pavlovich Kutepov became a senior official, and he was already a collegiate secretary. And Ivan Romanovich Lertz is an adviser to the provincial government in the general presence. In 1916, the collegiate secretary S.P. Kutepov was also already on the provincial board.

Most likely, at the end of 1916 or at the beginning of 1917, Sergei received the rank of titular councilor. His rapid career growth is not accidental. He is a special confidant of the Tver governor. During his short period of service in Tver, Sergei was probably able to show his business skills. In many ways he is similar to his older brother, these were family traits.

During the Great War, Sergei Kutepov was responsible in the Tver provincial office for supplying the army and accommodating refugees.

The governor was impressed by the monarchical views of Sergei Kutepov. Let us quote the final words of Bünting’s speech in Arkhangelsk to his colleagues upon his departure in November 1905: “Continue to serve, remembering the duty of the oath and not for a moment forgetting that you serve the Sovereign Emperor. No matter how difficult your service may be, do not seek any other reward than that which comes from the consciousness of honestly performing your duty and being faithful to your oath.”

In November 1916, Sergei Kutepov traveled to Petrograd. The governor was outside Tver at that time. Sergei's letter to Bünting emphasizes their trusting relationship.

“Yesterday I returned from Petrograd and received your postcard here. Very grateful for it. I left here on November 5th. Stayed in Petrograd for 8 days. My stay coincided with changes in the Council of Ministers. There was a lot of gossip and talk about this... Your assumptions made before leaving were completely justified - even sooner than could have been expected. During this time, the biggest news in business is new police staff... In the Minsk District, it has been proposed to form requisition commissions - probably for the upcoming requisition of food and fodder from the population based on the obligations of the decree of Baron Rausch, which I wrote about in the last letter. The estimates for the refugees had not yet been approved, but they were given 100,000 rubles in advance.

I went to Petrograd to see my older brother, who came on leave from the war.

Give my regards to Sofia Mikhailovna and Mira Nikolaevna... Sergei Kutepov, who deeply respects you and is sincerely devoted.” (The following is a pencil note from the archivist: Sergei Pavlovich Kutepov I.D. Advisor to the Tver Provincial Board. – Auth.).

Sofia Mikhailovna is the wife of Nikolai Georgievich Byunting, and eighteen-year-old Mira (Maria, born in 1898) Nikolaevna is the eldest daughter. Nikolai Georgievich had four more daughters - Ekaterina, Regina, Margarita and Sofia. Nikolai Georgievich was 28 years older than Sergei Kutepov, and, as can be seen from the documents we identified, the governor treated his young official with fatherly warmth.

The tragic events of the February Revolution of 1917 were approaching. In those terrible days, Nikolai Georgievich Bünting died. On March 2 (15), he was captured by a revolutionary crowd at his desk in his office in the imperial palace and killed. One of the archival photographs contains an inscription made by someone in the fateful year of 1917: “Enemy of the Revolution. Tver governor Bünting is a faithful servant of the church and the tsar.”

The Tver governor was known for his monarchist views, so many officials of his cabinet found themselves out of favor with the new government. Sergei Kutepov had to go to Petrograd to visit his relatives. What happened to him next? For a long time we were unable to find out anything about this either in the archives, or in memoirs, or from relatives. The article by Lyudmila Yuryevna Kitova “Unknown pages of the biography of R.P. Mitusova and her family” helped to continue the search. The article contains a lot of materials unknown to us, telling about the further fate of Raisa and Sergei Kutepov. We contacted Lyudmila Yuryevna in the hope of finding out about the source of such valuable material for us. It turned out that she worked with documents in the archives of the FSB Directorate for the Kemerovo Region, where she found files No. 193 and No. 124 of Sergei and Raisa Kutepov, arrested in 1937. L.Yu. Kitova was allowed to make extracts from the interrogation protocol, the arrestee’s questionnaire and the decision on choosing a preventive measure and bringing charges. These materials were published by her in the article. Lyudmila Yuryevna gave us a photocopy of her extracts from the FSB archives. We will rely on this document in the future.

Let's return to our story.

Arriving in revolutionary Petrograd, Sergei could not get a job for more than two months. Leaving for the capital, he probably hoped for the help of his older brother, who at that time came from the front to Petrograd on leave. But Colonel Kutepov himself found himself in danger and hastily left for the front. During the days of the February Revolution, he commanded a detachment that was supposed to restore order in the capital. After Colonel Kutepov’s decisive actions against the “revolutionary people” in Petrograd, he was threatened with arrest and most likely execution.

Changes in the capital after February did not bode well for the Kutepov family. And the fact that the threat of trial hung over his older brother, Alexander, became a heavy blow for the whole family. For the Kutepov brothers and sisters, Alexander always served as a reliable support. He helped his relatives not only with advice, but also financially, and if necessary, he, having an excellent reputation, helped them get a job. Relatives understood that if Alexander managed to avoid reprisals, the new government would not put up with his monarchical views and, probably, would not serve him in the army. And indeed, there was a wave of dismissal of monarchist officers in the army and navy. However, the actions of Colonel Kutepov during the February Revolution were not only justified, but by order of the army and navy on April 27 (May 10), 1917, he was appointed commander of the Preobrazhensky Regiment! What was the reason for such an unexpected appointment? It seems that the military command, realizing that the February Revolution was a prelude to future great events, selected reliable officers for key positions in the army.

One way or another, having avoided danger and received a new assignment, Alexander was able to take care of his brother’s arrangement. Of course, on the advice and assistance of Alexander, Sergei first entered the Vladimir Junker School in May and, after studying there for 19 days, went to serve as a private in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Apparently, Alexander decided that in that difficult political situation it would be better for Sergei not to study at school, but to serve as a private under the wing of his older brother. Sergei served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment for seven months. After the October Revolution, under the influence of agitators, the old army fell apart.

This is what one of its officers, Sergei Tornau, wrote in his memoirs about the state of affairs in the Preobrazhensky Regiment: “October and early November - without any special events. Small activities took place daily and life proceeded more or less normally. In mid-November the mood immediately became more tense. An underground military revolutionary committee of the Bolshevik trend worked in the reserve units. His activities became more and more noticeable. The soldiers somehow immediately disbanded; they began to give honor reluctantly and not always. On the 20th of November, Krylenka ordered the destruction of ranks, orders and elected authorities.” We read about the officers of the regiment, brothers second lieutenants Tornau, Baron Sergei Alexandrovich and Georgiy Alexandrovich in the reference book “All Petersburg” for 1913. Sergei Tornau published the book “With the Native Regiment” (1914–1917) in 1923, in exile, in Berlin. About Colonel Kutepov he wrote: “Secret meetings of senior officers chaired by the regiment commander. Resolutions on the regimental banner, regimental property were developed, and an action plan for officers was developed. By order of Colonel Kutepov, in order to avoid excesses, shoulder straps and orders were removed. It was decided for the officers to go to the Don to Alekseev. Some officers (selected to command positions) had to stay behind to help the rest leave. The elections were held on the same day, many officers remained in their previous positions. The regiment commander was appointed clerk in the regimental office, since the soldiers decided, out of respect for his wounds, that he would be safer there. In mid-December, on the basis of an order for partial demobilization, many officers dispersed.”

After his older brother went to the Don to join the Volunteer Army, it became unsafe for Sergei to remain in the regiment. He demobilized and left for Arkhangelsk, where from December 1917 he served in a private timber office. Raisa Kutepova and her husband, officer Stepan Stepanovich Mitusov, who took part in the fighting on the Northern Front, came there in 1918.

In 1919, Sergei was mobilized into the ranks of the White Army of General E.K. Miller as a private. In the battle near Onega he was captured by the Reds. This is how the fight went. On the night of August 1, 1919, during high tide, the Whites landed troops at the mouth of the Onega River. When the tide began to ebb, the ships left. The whites did not reveal themselves until 2 p.m. - they were waiting for the tide. At full water, the ships returned and launched a powerful artillery bombardment of the city. There was a fire. More than 300 houses burned down. The landing party moved to the city center, where the decisive battle began. The Whites, along the right bank of the river, bypassed almost the entire city, but were unable to capture its heights. They were prevented from moving forward by the fire of a battery of heavy, long-range guns. The red artillerymen managed to make several direct hits on enemy ships. By evening the Reds seized the initiative. At high water at about 5 o'clock in the morning on August 2, the landing party stopped the battle and left on ships for Arkhangelsk.

Under what circumstances was Sergei Kutepov captured? There was little hope of finding out about this, but luck smiled on us again. The following document has been preserved in the State Archives of the Arkhangelsk Region:

“Order of the Commander-in-Chief of all Russian armed forces on the Northern Front. No. 236 August 19, 1919, city. Arkhangelsk. The following soldiers, as a reward for valiant behavior in battles, are awarded the following awards with their production and renaming in ranks in accordance with Art. 95 and 96 of the Statute of Georgievsk.

Law: Art. Art. 80 and 154 of the Statute of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George.

...1st Northern Rifle Regiment. Shooters: Kubyshkin Nikolay, Savitsky Anton, Medvedev Alexander, Kutepov Sergey. In the battle on August 1st of this year. near the mountains The Onegas with machine guns in their hands rushed forward, dragging the shooters along with them and shooting the enemy as they went, and died the death of heroes (Article 68 of the Georgian Statute) St. George’s Cross of the 4th degree to each.”

Did General E.K. Miller know that General Kutepov’s brother, whose name was already known in the military community in 1918 and 1919, was serving as a private in his army? There is every reason to believe that he knew and, having signed the order to award Sergei Kutepov posthumously the Cross of St. George, considered him dead.

Already in exile, in Paris, General Kutepov became the chairman of the Russian All-Military Union on April 29, 1928, and General Miller became his assistant. Perhaps Alexander Pavlovich himself sent Sergei to Arkhangelsk in December 1917. Surely E.K. Miller informed A.P. Kutepov about the death of his brother on August 1, 1919 in the battle near Onega.

Let's try to imagine what happened to the younger brother of General Kutepov on August 1, 1919. During one of the attacks of the white landing, Sergei, with a machine gun in his hands, rushed forward and fell, struck by a bullet. Probably, the attack floundered, and the whites had to hastily retreat without having time to pick up all the wounded. Sergei remained lying at the scene of the battle. He was wounded, not killed, as his comrades from the 1st Northern Rifle Regiment believed, and was captured by the Reds. The soldier's shoulder straps helped him stay alive. The Kutepov surname had not yet become odious. When interrogation revealed that he had a higher education, he was offered a job as a clerk at the headquarters of a Red Army battalion. This gave him a chance to go to his own people at the first opportunity. There was no such opportunity...

Speaking about the further fate of Sergei Kutepov, we again turn to the materials of the article by L. Yu. Kitova.

After the end of hostilities in the north, Sergei Kutepov was demobilized in May 1920 and left for Novosibirsk. As a result of a five-day job search, he was appointed by the Provincial Food Committee to the food committee of the city of Shcheglovsk, where he worked from 1920 to 1923 as an accountant and senior accountant. In 1923 he went to Petrograd and entered the service as an accountant in a bakery products office. At this time, a new economic policy began in the country - NEP. Apparently, Sergei imagined that under the NEP conditions there would no longer be the same scale of repression. It was necessary to find the sisters, and perhaps establish connections with like-minded friends. Having arrived, he went to the old addresses. Only the address of Boris’s brother’s wife, Maria Vasilyevna Kutepova – Obvodny Canal embankment, 115 – remained the same. Through her he found the sisters. In 1925, Sergei married the twenty-five-year-old daughter of a former attorney at law, lawyer Sventsitskaya Tatyana Mechislavovna.

In the same year in Paris, Count Kokovtsov “...at a banquet hosted by graduates of the St. Petersburg Imperial Lyceum... makes a speech in which he expresses faith in the overthrow of the Soviets and the hope that, when the time comes, all former students of the Lyceum who remained in Russia , will rebel against the Bolshevik regime. Two weeks later, all former lyceum students scattered throughout Russia are arrested along with their families. Family members are quickly released, but the lyceum students themselves are sent, some to Solovki, some to other camps. But what is their fault? The arrests were carried out on the night from Saturday to Sunday from February 14 to 15, 1925. In the United State Political Directorate (OGPU) of Leningrad, the case was called differently: “The Case of Lyceum Students”, “The Case of Pupils”, “The Union of the Faithful”, “Counter-Revolutionary Monarchical Organization”, and initially the title was Case No. 194 B. It ended up in the series many, including the “Preobrazhentsy case”, in which, however, Sergei was not involved. Among those arrested were not only graduates of the lyceum, but also lawyers and former officers of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment. Some of those arrested were released, the rest were divided into ten groups. The first group (27 people) - execution, the second (12 people) - 10 years in camps, the third (10 people) - 5 years, the fourth (10 people) - 3 years, the fifth (13 people) - exile to the Urals with confiscation of property, sixth (3 people) – exile “minus six”, seventh (2 people) – decisions postponed, eighth (2 people) – released, ninth (1 person) – died during the investigation, tenth (1 person) – conditionally 5 years in camps. Initially, Sergei Kutepov was included in the first group. The main reason for his arrest was that he is the brother of a prominent figure in the Russian All-Military Union, as well as his university law degree.

The “Case of Lyceum Students” was legally completed on June 29, 1925. The exoneration documents from 1994 indicate the dates and times of execution of the sentences. The executions took place on the nights of July 2, 3 and 9.

However, as a result of the investigation, Sergei Kutepov was expelled from the “execution” group and moved to the fifth. Apparently, the security officers decided to use it in the future for their games. Then they were already conducting Operation Trust with all their might.

Tatyana Mechislavovna Sventsitskaya. Photo from the 1930s. (from the family archive of I. S. Sventsitskaya)

We gleaned the materials presented here about the “case of the lyceum students” from an article by Natalya Konstantinovna Teletova. Unfortunately, in the article we found the following erroneous information: “It is unknown when Sergei died and whether he was forced to play some role in the dark story of the kidnapping of the main person in the EMRO. The third brother Vasily, who accepted the priesthood, was also shot “for his last name,” but this time outside the “lyceum case.” The fate of Varvara’s sister in Mitusova’s marriage is unknown.” We will tell you about the death of Sergei later. The story ahead is about the fate of Raisa’s sister, not Varvara, in Mitusova’s marriage. We have already written about brother Boris, not Vasily, who, as an officer in the White Army, went into exile.

Sergei Kutepov served three years of exile in the Narym region, after which in 1928 he moved to Shcheglovsk. Here he worked as an accountant at a city pharmacy, lived on Sovetskaya Street, house 161. Sergei’s wife, Tatyana Mechislavovna Sventsitskaya, came from Leningrad and got a job as an accountant in the veterinary supply office.

We do not know how the life of the Kutepov family proceeded in those years. But let us turn to “Memories of Russia” by Princess I. D. Golitsyna, née Tatishcheva, who still had relatively good conditions. She married Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich Golitsyn, who was serving exile in Perm. Although he was forbidden to work as an exile, he was helped by relatives from England. “The new turn in the economy has led to the fact that basic necessities are no longer sufficient. And prices soared... It was impossible to make ends meet. We could hardly afford products such as butter, meat, eggs. Our food mainly consisted of potatoes, turnips and various cereals. Only when a parcel arrived from London did we rejoice at some variety.”

Irina Sergeevna Sventsitskaya. Mid-1930s (from the family archive of I. S. Sventsitskaya)

S. P. Kutepov. 1929 (from the family archive of I. S. Sventsitskaya)

Of course, Sergei Kutepov’s family was under surveillance. He understood that the security officers would not leave him alone, and was worried about the fate of his wife and daughter.

The grandson of Sergei Kutepov, Alexey Georgievich Goder, now living abroad, wrote to us that Irina and her mother (Tatyana Mechislavovna Sventsitskaya. – Auth.) and her sister left Kemerovo for Leningrad and there: “Mom’s aunt, Maria Mechislavovna, changed my mother’s birth certificate for a bribe - having a place of birth in Kemerovo was very dangerous then - it meant that the parents were repressed. Kemerovo was a place of exile. On my mother’s birth certificate it was written: Pushkin, Leningrad region.”

At the end of the 1930s, a new wave of repression arose. On March 26, 1937, Sergei Kutepov was arrested and in May transferred from the Kemerovo city department of the NKVD to Novosibirsk. In the Archives of the FSB Directorate for the Kemerovo Region, among the documents of the investigative case, the following were preserved: a resolution on the selection of a preventive measure and the filing of charges, a questionnaire of the arrested person and an interrogation protocol. Much of the biography of Sergei Kutepov became known to us thanks to these documents. An ethnographer from Kemerovo, Lyudmila Yurievna Kitova, worked in this archive while studying the biography of Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova. Thanks to her persistence, she managed to write down the main points by hand.

Let us return to the letter from Alexei Georgievich Goder: “Tatyana Mechislavovna, my grandmother, left Leningrad for Saratov before the war, leaving my mother with her sister, Maria Mechislavovna. Nobody remembers why this happened. Mom remained in Leningrad during the blockade. Having quarreled with Maria Mechislavovna, my mother left besieged Leningrad. According to her stories, she was 14 years old, i.e. 1943. She came to the university, where students were evacuated, and said that she was a student, and handed over her bread card... ...Mom ended up in Saratov with her mother Tatyana Mechislavovna, who died in 1944 from tuberculosis. Mom was left alone, and then returned to Leningrad to Maria Mechislavovna. I don’t know when this happened.”

Sending his wife and daughter to Leningrad, Sergei probably agreed with Tatyana about the possibility of correspondence - by mail or through friends. Having not received news from her husband for a long time, Tatyana realized that with him...

Sergei was accused of leading the counter-revolutionary organization EMRO, which he created on the direct instructions of his older brother, General A.P. Kutepov. It was alleged that the EMRO was engaged in espionage, sabotage, terrorist activities, as well as training counter-revolutionary rebel personnel for the armed struggle against Soviet power with the aim of restoring the capitalist system in the USSR. This performance was supposedly timed to coincide with the beginning of the war.

Was there such an extensive organization led by Sergei Kutepov? We know very well how such cases were created, how such cases were “sewn”: both spies and saboteurs were sought out... It was enough to have an “inappropriate” origin or relative in the emigrant environment, especially to be the brother of such an outstanding figure of the White movement as Alexander Pavlovich Kutepov.

According to the work of L. Yu. Kitova: Sergei Kutepov “did not admit any of the charges brought against him and committed suicide by jumping out of the window of the UNKVD building on October 2, 1939. The criminal case against S. P. Kutepov was terminated with a strange wording, that Kutepov has not been identified by the investigative authorities.”

Knowing Sergei’s character traits, firmness, determination, loyalty to principles - one might say family traits, we have no doubt that Sergei Kutepov behaved with dignity during the investigation. It is difficult to believe in his suicide, because he was Orthodox. Most likely, having failed to obtain the necessary confessions, the security officers themselves killed him.

Title page of the order awarding S. P. Kutepov the St. George Cross, IV degree (GAAO. F. 2834. On. 1. D. 46. L. 30)

Internal sheet of the order to award S. P. Kutepov the St. George Cross, IV degree (GAAO. F. 2834. On. 1. D. 46. L. 31 vol.)

Raisa Kutepova

Documents from Raisa Kutepova, married to Mitusova, about studying at the Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses - the only evidence of her life in St. Petersburg from 1913 to 1918. At that time, it was necessary to obtain a certificate for free residence in the capital and its environs from an educational institution. In our case, it is recorded that “this certificate was given ... for a period of February 1, 1914 for free residence.” The certificate was renewed in 1914, 1915, 1916 and until February 1 (14), 1917, and then until September 1 (14) of the same year. The certificate was deferred until February 1, 1918 and extended until June 1 of the same year. These documents indicate that in the tragic days of the February Revolution, when Colonel Kutepov defended the legitimate tsarist power on the streets of Petrograd, Raisa was in the capital and knew where he was and what was happening to him.

All these years she studied subjects that later helped her become an outstanding ethnographer. In her examination book, students of the Bestuzhev courses of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics in the group “mineralogy with geology” are listed among the subjects required for the entire group: trigonometry, experimental physics, measuring instruments, inorganic and analytical chemistry, crystallography, mineralogy, introduction to zoology, as well as paleontology and zoogeography and many others.

R. P. Mitusova. 1929 (photo library REM. Coll. No. IM6-205)

There are also notes on tuition fees for these years. Contributions were made regularly, of course, by brother Alexander, who was always a support for his relatives.

It was interesting to find Raisa Kutepova in the archive under the name Mitusov. The Mitusovs are a very famous name in St. Petersburg high society. One of them, Pyotr Petrovich Mitusov, a privy councilor, was a former governor of Novgorod, the other, Grigory Petrovich Mitusov, a senator, an active state councilor, owned several houses in St. Petersburg and a luxurious dacha on the Karelian Isthmus. Stepan Stepanovich Mitusov, active state councilor and official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is also known. He had two sons with the name Stepan from different marriages, which for some time during our search misled us. The son from his second wife Ekaterina Nikolaevna Rogovskaya, born in 1890, became Raisa’s husband. He was a cornet in the Life Guards of Her Majesty Alexandra Feodorovna's Ulan Regiment. We assume that the older brother took part in Raisa’s fate. From the directory “All Petersburg” we learned that guards officers Alexander Kutepov and Stepan Mitusov lived for some time, at least in 1913, on the same street - Millionnaya, the houses were nearby. Cornet Mitusov lived from 1912 on Millionnaya Street, house 30, and from 1913, Staff Captain Kutepov was located on Millionnaya, 33. Probably, they met there. At the very least, Alexander Kutepov, who so touchingly cared for his relatives, and especially his sisters, could not help but know the person with whom Raisa decided to throw in her lot. Perhaps he introduced them.

It seems that he was sure that in his son-in-law he would find a comrade close in views and spirit.

When August 1914 arrived, Staff Captain Kutepov, commander of the 4th company of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, went to the front. Most likely, Stepan Mitusov also took part in the battles. It is unlikely that he, the grandson of Lieutenant General Nikolai Fedotovich Rogovsky, remained in the rear.

After October 1917, Arkhangelsk became one of the centers of counter-revolution. Patriotic officers secretly made their way there. These forces were headed in May 1919 by Lieutenant General Evgeniy Karlovich Miller. In December 1917, having been demobilized from the army, Sergei Kutepov went there. Following him, probably in mid-1918, his son-in-law, cornet Stepan Mitusov, also went there. And with him Raisa.

The following events in the life of Alexander Kutepov’s sister became known to us from the “questionnaire sheet” filled out by her in her own hand on January 18, 1930 at her place of work at the State Russian Museum since May 1925. “There is no family. Widow (married for 11 months).” From which one could assume that S.S. Mitusov died at the end of 1919. Taking into account that kinship with a white officer could have played a fatal role in her fate in 1930, we assume that she could either conceal or distort some information relating to her husband. And we received confirmation of this assumption. In the Arkhangelsk archive we found a “personal card from the Gubchek Archive: “Mitusov. Second lieutenant. A member of the reserve ranks is appointed to the vacant position of assistant chief of the sub/department of the intelligence department of the prisoner of war camp, from November 18, 1919. Sources: Order No. 7 of January 18, 1920, paragraph 13 of the main headquarters headquarters. All Russians. Armed Forces to the North. Front."

Apparently, after the departure of the remnants of the white units from Arkhangelsk on February 19, 1920, the security officers compiled a card index for the ranks of the white army of General E. K. Miller. To fill out the card for Second Lieutenant Mitusov, documents that were not taken by the whites were used. It is clear from the document that Second Lieutenant Mitusov was mentioned in the order dated January 18, 1920. This means that at that time he was still alive. We know nothing about his further fate. Did he emigrate, did he stay in Russia, was he killed in battle, was he shot by the security officers? One way or another, it was safer for Raisa Mitusova, who filled out the questionnaire in 1930, to write that she was a widow.

However, this did not save her from trouble. Looking ahead, let's say that Raisa's relationship with a white officer was discovered and served as one of the reasons for her arrest in December 1930. “The name of Raisa Pavlovna is mentioned in the interrogation reports of S.I. Rudenko: “My closest collaborators at the Russian Museum are... Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova, the wife of the deceased b. b. (former white - I.K., L.K.) army officer Miller, sister of General. Kutepova..." (Tishkin A. A., Schmidt O. G. Years of repression in the life of S. I. Rudenko. Life path, creativity, scientific heritage of Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko and the activities of his colleagues. Barnaul: Alt. State University Publishing House , 2004. pp. 22–29.)

Returning to the 1930 questionnaire, we read what Raisa Pavlovna wrote:

“From 1905–1917 Gymnasium. Since 1913, she entered the Higher Courses. She had a pension for her father's service until adulthood, then a wife until the end of her education (1917). From 1917 – until October. Revolutions: Scientific work (processed ethnographic questionnaires of R. Geogr. Society and anthropological research under the direction of Prof. Volkov, who died in 1918). From Oct. Revolutions so far. From 1919 – 20 (December) she worked at the Kanat factory in Arkhangelsk, as a typist and accountant. From January 21 to May 21 Accountant V.Zh.D. and began working in Geographic. Museum. Since 1922 - in Acad. Stories Mat. Culture and studied at the University. Since 1925 In the State. Russian Museum...

In the same source we find that Raisa Mitusova lived for some time on Panteleimonovskaya Street, building 14, apartment 56. And at the time of filling out the questionnaire, that is, January 18, 1930, a different residential address was already indicated: Petrogradskaya Side, Roentgena Street, building 5, apartment 22.

We learn more detailed information from the old examination book of a student of the St. Petersburg Higher Women's Courses, which shows that Raisa studied at the university in 1922 (students of the Bestuzhev courses continued their studies at the university, and the courses were abolished). She was catching up on missed work and finishing her exams. The first exam was on May 24, 1922, and the last on November 20, 1924.

We know of another document issued by the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture on December 10, 1923 - that she works there, “receives a salary of the 11th category and is a member of the Union of Art Workers.” The certificate was issued for exemption from university tuition fees.

In the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg we found an anthropological and statistical essay by R. P. Mitusova “Agan Ostyaks,” published in 1926 in Sverdlovsk in a circulation of only 25 copies. A detailed and thorough story about the life of the Agan Ostyaks is based on a thorough study of the peculiarities of life. The volume of expeditionary work done by the author evokes respect.

The article by ethnographers I.A. Karapetova and L.Yu. Kitova “Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova: unknown pages of biography and creative activity” lists and describes many expeditions in which Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova took part. Expeditionary work in the North took place in difficult conditions in poorly studied territory, among peoples about whom almost nothing was known. Raisa Pavlovna was helped to overcome difficulties by the family traits characteristic of her older brother: perseverance, courage, determination, honesty, readiness to face danger with dignity.

“R.P. Mitusova spent almost her entire difficult expedition, wandering from chum to chum, alone. Sometimes, if night fell on the way, she had to spend the night right in the snow. “They laid my tarpaulin on the snow and put reindeer coats on it. I lay down straight in my clothes, they covered me from above with fur coats that I had collected for the museum, and then... they covered me with snow. She just asked me not to cover my head... it’s somehow unpleasant to think that you’ll be completely covered.” At that time, among the Forest Nenets and Agan Khanty there were almost no people who spoke Russian, and many saw Russians for the first time. Raisa Pavlovna independently learned the Nenets and Khanty languages ​​and could speak them. She not only had to do research, but also provide first aid. Being a tactful, intelligent and unpretentious person in everyday life, she enjoyed the respect and trust of the local population. However, during the expeditions she experienced many anxious moments. Raisa Pavlovna herself described what happened to her on Varyogan during a shamanic ritual: “...grabbing a tambourine and throwing it up, the shaman began to dance in front of me, jumping and bowing... With a nervously twitching face, with a twisted mouth... the wet and shaking Payata was scary ... So he crawled across my bed, around me, grabbed my head, pressed his ear to it and was breathing heavily with wheezing. I froze, I don’t move.” However, everything ended well for the brave researcher. As she was later told, the shaman learned from the spirits that she was a “great healer,” “a great boss,” and “the evil spirit (the devil) is afraid of her.”

Raisa Pavlovna overcame all the dangers of the expeditions, but another danger awaited her - first arrest in December 1930, and then in 1937.

According to data published by ethnographers I. A. Karapetova and L. Yu. Kitova, the painstaking work of summarizing the extensive expedition material collected by Raisa Pavlovna suddenly ended. On August 5, 1930, the famous scientist S.I. Rudenko, who knew her well, was arrested. He was involved in the case of the so-called counter-revolutionary monarchist organization “National Union of Struggle for the Revival of Free Russia.” The investigation, interrogating S.I. Rudenko, revealed that Raisa Mitusova was the wife of a white officer and that she was the sister of General Kutepov. This was the reason for her arrest in December of the same year. On March 1, order No. 22 was issued, signed by the director of the State Russian Museum I. A. Ostretsov, where there is a record of the dismissal of the 11th category researcher R. P. Mitusova as arrested. “On April 25, 1931, by a resolution of the visiting session of the OGPU collegium, Raisa Pavlovna was sentenced to exile to the West Siberian Territory for a period of three years. In May 1931, she was sent to settle in the Tomsk region. After serving her term of exile, Mitusova moved to Kemerovo in 1935.”

From the same source we learned that since 1928 Sergei Pavlovich Kutepov lived with his family and worked as an accountant in a pharmacy in Kemerovo. On July 25, 1935, R.P. Mitusova became director of the Kemerovo Museum of Local Lore. She then lived on Kirova Street, building 4. However, she spent less than two years in freedom. Soon after the arrest of her brother on March 26, 1937, on June 4 of the same year, Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova was also arrested. Both of them were involved in the case of the counter-revolutionary organization “Russian All-Military Union” (ROVS). Sergei Kutepov was accused of creating an organization on the instructions of General Kutepov’s older brother, and Raisa Mitusova was brought in by the investigation as an active member of the EMRO. The investigation alleged that both of them trained counter-revolutionary rebel cadres for the armed struggle against Soviet power, carried out espionage, sabotage and terrorist activities, and sought to restore the capitalist system in the USSR.

"R. P. Mitusova was accused under Art. 58–10, 58–11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR and was detained at the pre-trial detention center of the NKVD in the West Siberian Territory (UFSB Archive KO. D. 124. L. 6). Then she was transferred to Novosibirsk. December 7, 1937 by the “troika” of the NKVD of the Novosibirsk region. Raisa Pavlovna Mitusova was sentenced under Art. 58–2–6–11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for execution. The sentence was carried out on December 9, 1937 in Novosibirsk. R.P. Mitusova was rehabilitated on March 12, 1957 “for lack of evidence of a crime” (Archive of the National Research Center of St. Petersburg. “Memorial”).”

During difficult, months-long expeditions around the northern region, Raisa Pavlovna tested her fate more than once. Fearlessness, determination, perseverance - these family traits of the Kutepovs helped her overcome dangers. She did not freeze in the ice, did not die of hunger, getting lost in the taiga, did not die in a fight with a wild animal - she was killed by another monster - political repression. However, she shared the fate of many Russian people. Then, for being of noble origin or having relatives in exile, a person could easily be “erased into camp dust” or put under execution by firing squad. Little is known about these people, even to their relatives. And we try our best to recreate their biographies.

And in the hearts of ordinary people, residents of the North, a good memory of Raisa Pavlovna remained for a long time. They enthusiastically told their children about her and named their daughters after her. This is evidenced by an episode from an article by ethnographic scientists, our contemporaries: “In 1981, one of the authors of this article, during an expedition among the Purov Forest Nenets, managed to meet old people who remembered R.P. Mitusova; they said that several girls were named after Raisa in her honor.”

Oddly enough, even close relatives until recently knew nothing about the fate of Raisa Pavlovna. Alexey Pavlovich Kutepov, the grandson of General Kutepov, gave us the words of his father, Pavel Alexandrovich, who said that two of his aunts lived somewhere in Leningrad before the war.

1st sheet of S. S. Mitusov’s personal card from the file of Arkhangelsk Gubchek (GAAO. F. 2617. Op. 1. D. 23. L. 200. Arch. Gubchek. Personal cards)

2nd sheet of S. S. Mitusov’s personal card from the Arkhangelskaya Gubchek file (GAAO. F. 2617. Op. 1. D. 23. L. 202. Arch. Gubchek. Personal cards)

Extract from order No. 22 of March 1, 1931 on the dismissal of R. P. Mitusova from the State Russian Museum in connection with the arrest (from the funds of the State Russian Museum)

Alexandra Kutepova

The latest data about Alexandra Kutepova, confirmed by documents, dates back to 1914, when she entered the Bestuzhev courses, which we wrote about in the previous chapter. While working on the biography of Raisa Mitusova (Kutepova), ethnographer L. Yu. Kitova managed to make an extract from the investigative file of Sergei Kutepov. From there she rewrote the following: “Sisters. Mitusova Raisa Pavlovna, Martynova Alexandra Pavlovna.” We found further details about Alexander in the above-mentioned book “Officers of the Russian Guard”. It says there that Martynova Alexandra Pavlovna, wife of an officer of the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, remained in the USSR, accountant of a maternity hospital in Leningrad, was repressed in 1931 in the “Spring” case. The “Spring” case, also known as the “Guards case,” was a systematic repression carried out by the OGPU against former officers of the Russian Imperial Army, including former white officers and members of their families in 1930–1931. The first arrests took place in January 1930, and everything was completed by the summer of 1931.

We did not find the name Martynov in the lists of the Preobrazhensky Regiment until 1917. In the interrogation report dated January 8, 1931 of D. D. Zuev, a former Preobrazhensky officer, we find a story about his meetings with the sisters of A. P. Kutepov and Alexandra’s husband: “Sisters of A. P. K[utepov]: Alexandra and Raisa Pavlovna , husband Sergei Grigorievich MARTYNOV - from the moment contact was established with them (it seems 1923/24, winter), and the first one came to me was R.P. MITUSOVA herself. There were probably a lot of conversations about KUTEPOV, but without any indication of a connection.”

Chapter 2 Spear of Destiny “And although the one who rose from the abyss thanks to his iron will and cunning can conquer half the world, he must still return to the abyss. Already now the icy horror is burning his heart with its claws, but he resists because of his irrepressible pride! And those who